Patient-Centered Medical Homes - 1462 Words

Hederson, S., Princell, C. O., and Martin, S. (2012, December). The patient-centered medical home. American Journal of Nursing, 112(12), 54 59. doi: 10.1097/ 01.NAJ.0000423506.38393.52 Retrieved http://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Fulltext/ 2012/12000/The_Patient_Centered_Medical_Home.26.aspx One of the aims of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 is improved integration and coordination of services for primary patient care. The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) is one of the approaches by which improvements can be established. The patient-centered medical home model is particularly well-suited for people who have chronic illness. The design of the patient-centered medical home model departs substantively from traditional reimbursement policies, in that, the ACA provides for incentives and resources to enable care coordinators to be directly recognized and compensated for their care coordination work. Care coordinators are most often registered nurses who through their work that aligns with ACA engage in quality improvement work, cost-effectiveness measures, and patient advocacy. To bring the ACA model to a human scale, the authors present a case study of a care coordinator at a patient-centered medical home in rural Maine. The table provided be low provides a basic textual analysis of the study as it is published in the professional nursing journal. Area of Evaluation Discussion Textual Analysis Background Information The authorsShow MoreRelatedThe Patient Centered Medical Home958 Words   |  4 PagesThe patient-centered medical home (PCMH) is a way of organizing primary care that emphasizes care coordination and communication to transform primary care into what patients want it to be (NCQA, n.d.). Medical homes can lead to better quality and decreased costs, and can develop patients’ and providers’ experience of medical care. PCMH aims to transform the delivery of comprehensive care to children, adolescents, and adults. Through this model, providers seek to improve the quality, efficiencyRead MorePatient Centered Medical Home Summary1236 Words   |  5 PagesOverview of the Patient Centered Medical Home project piloted by Geisinger Health System in Danville, Pennsylvania Date: October of 2010 ïÆ'Ëœ Goal: Create value (defined as outcomes relative to input costs), measure innovation returns, and receive market rewards. ïÆ'Ëœ Requirements: a multidimensional transformation of primary care practice with intensive case management and a payer partnership. ïÆ'Ëœ Coordinating Primary Care/Team Effort: â€Å"patient Centered Medical Home† Geisinger calls it â€Å"PersonalRead MorePatient Centered Medical Homes ( Pcmh )1428 Words   |  6 PagesPatient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMH) are growing in popularity as the right thing to do improve patient care. PCMH are growing in popularity, as there is early evidence of their effectiveness (Egge, M. 2012). The PCMH concept has been widely promoted as a way to enhance primary care and deliver better care to patients with chronic conditions. This model of care has stimulated the attention of payers, Medicaid policy makers, physicians, and patient advocates, as it has the potential to addressRead MoreThe Effect Of Patient Centered Medical Home Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesResearchers conducted an observational study to assess the effect of Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) implementation on patient satisfaction, quality of care, staff burnout, and emergency department use. Infor mation was gathered from 913 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospital-based and community-based clinics through the use of several surveys. Composite scores were then arranged into eight core domains of Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT)—the VHA’s version of a PCMH model. ResearchersRead MoreSuccessful Patient Centered Medical Homes And Hmos1450 Words   |  6 Pages Successful Patient Centered Medical Homes and HMOs Richard Jenkins Trident University â€Æ' Abstract There are various models designed to enhance the quality of health care provided in today’s society. Within the health care system the objective is to provide quality care to the patient is the primary goal, however, over time due to such a strong concentration on this objective expenses have been forgotten. Medical care has now grown to a ridiculous expense. Congress, medical professionals, administratorsRead MorePatient Centered Medical Home : A Managerial Outlook1587 Words   |  7 Pages Patient-Centered Medical Home: A Managerial Outlook Lymaris Rivera Texas AM University - Central Texas â€Æ' Abstract The Patient-centered Medical Home (PCMH) will be assessed to evaluate the effectiveness of other health care organizations (HCOs) to compare and contrast values and mission. In addition, program cost-effectiveness will be examined considering health insurance providers and HCO. As a health care administrator, it is beneficial to truly understand the basis and goals of the PCMHRead MorePatient Centered Medical Homes : Patient Care And Contractual Services808 Words   |  4 PagesPatient-Centered Medical Homes Roslyn Keller MHA628: Managed Care Contractual Services Dr. Matthew Caines June 13, 2016 Patient-Centered Medical Homes Patient-centered medical home (PCMH) is a way to transform primary care practices into medical homes that coordinate care and communicate to what patients want to maximize health outcomes. Medical homes may lead to lower costs, higher quality care, improve patient experience of care, allow better access to health care and improve healthRead MoreThe Patient-Centered Medical Home: Highlights and Important Details1310 Words   |  5 PagesThe Patient-Centered Medical Home: Highlights and Important Details Managed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the â€Å"patient centered medical home† (PCMH) or â€Å"primary care medial home† is the country’s primary care system. The goal, aAccording to the AgencyAHRQ, the goal is to provide â€Å"high- quality, accessible, efficient health care for all Americans.† The mission of the medical home model is to â€Å"improve health care in Americans by transforming how primary care is organizedRead MoreWelcome And Vibrant Valley Patient Centered Medical Home1590 Words   |  7 PagesWelcome to Vibrant Valley Patient-Centered Medical Home. We serve a diverse and multicultural community and are excited to help you with your healthcare needs. We recognize that accessing healthcare can be scary if you do not know anything about healthcare policies, financing and regulations. We created this handbook to help you understand how healthcare services are financed and delivered to patients and how the Affo rdable Care Act is changing how US citizens obtain access to health insuranceRead MoreHow Resources Within A Patient Centered Medical Home ( Pcmh ) Are Managed Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesVarious elements influence how resources within a Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) are managed. PCMHs veer away from traditional episodic and often fragmented care to offer patients higher quality care that is accessible, comprehensive, coordinated and more cost-effective. PCMH demonstration projects have shown that the model enhances health outcomes, reduces waste, and improves patient and employee satisfaction alike. This transition, however presents significant challenges and necessitates

Monster Energy Essay - 11236 Words

| Product Analysis: Monster Energy Drink | Bill ClymerWednesday August 14, 2013Written by: Maira Khalid | PART A Situation Analysis Monster Beverage Corporation The Hansen Beverage company (recently changing their name to Monster Beverage Corporation on January 5th of 2012), was a family owned and operated company in the 1930’s, selling freshly squeezed juices to local film studios. In the 1970’s, one of the Hansen brothers decided to transition their beverage business into marketing ‘natural sodas’. This was the upturn of the company that led them to where they are today. Today, Monster Beverage Corp. has transformed into the largest energy drink company in Canada with sales of more than $ 2.1 billion in 2012.†¦show more content†¦Values Monster shows the importance of values in their statement, The Corporation’s Scope for the Future, as a company. Their values are as follows: * To always have superior quality in their products and services * To have their customers (and their families) be confident while consuming their product, always being able to taste the quality and never lose trust in the Monster brand * Continuous quest for excellence * High ethical and moral standards Monster states that their customers always come first. They are in business for their customers and because of their customers, committed to establishing relationships, providing high quality products and maintaining profitable partnerships. Monster fully respects their customer’s rights, dignities, opinions and individuality. Critical to their success, the customer is their most valued asset. Monster will never be satisfied with current performance, constantly looking for new opportunities to grow their business and market wherever possible. Expanding their product range without compromising the excellence of the existing ones, this company of over 50 years promises not to tolerate mediocrity. Lastly, Monster Beverage Corp. will never take part in or support anything unethical or illegal. Corporate Strategy As defined in Marketing the Core, product differentiation is a corporate strategy whereby there is â€Å"a provision of something that is unique and valuable toShow MoreRelatedPositioning Strategy of Monster Energy1302 Words   |  6 PagesAs energy drink is yet a part of developing and new industry therefore Audience and Company Objectives are targets of Monster. The market of energy drink like monster energy is quite different from some other beverage industries. Monster energy drinks have become trendy part of society, but as some think the targeted market is unrestrained, wide or varied but it is not like that. In soon energy drink history, Athletes were the primary consumer when energy drinks were initially being sold in USA.Read MoreMonster Energy Drink Target Audience and Company Objectives1190 Words   |  5 PagesConsumer Behavior Monster Energy Target Market Because the energy drink is still part of a new and developing industry, the energy drink target market is diff erent than in some of the other beverage industries. Monster energy drinks have become a very popular, â€Å"hip† part of society, but the market at which they are aimed is not as wide and expansive, or diverse, as some might think. Early in energy drink history, when they were first being sold in the United States, athletes were the primary consumersRead MoreMarket Plan for Monster Energy Drink2139 Words   |  9 PagesPlan Introduction of Monster Energy Drinks into the Australian Market International Marketing Plan Introducing Monster Energy Drinks into the Australian Market Background Monster Energy is an American brand of energy drink created and marketed by Hansen Natural Corporation. Monster calls itself the meanest energy drink on the planet. It’s a big hit in the United States that delivers twice the buzz of a regular energy drink. Monster’s US portfolio includes the flagship Monster and Lo-carb plus speciallyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Launching Monster Ultra Energy Drink2070 Words   |  9 PagesThis reports explains in detail the marketing plan for launching Monster Ultra Energy Drink. The product is an energy drink and has been approved from the Ministry of Health. A vision and mission statement has been laid out and further an advertising campaign will is undertaken to successfully launch the product in the UK market through different traditional and modern forms of media. The energy or sports drink industry has seen a sustained growth in the UK over the past years with brands comingRead MoreGlobalization Perspective Essay771 Words   |  4 Pagesproceedings. One is with its former Canadian distributor, Pepsi- Cola Canada as defendants. â€Å"The plaintiff alleged that the defendants misleadingly packaged and labeled Monster Energy products in Canada by not including sufficiently specific statements with respect to contradictions and adverse reactions associated with the consumption of the energy drink products†. Hansen needs to do ample research before transacting business across the globe in order not to violate the global regulations. In this way theRead MoreAnalysis Of Monster On The Loose 1232 Words   |  5 PagesRodrigo Garcia Dr. Summers ENGL-1301-101 13 October 2017 Monster on the Loose During final’s exam week, students tend to procrastinate and stress out. This results in lack of sleep. With that, this leads to the consumption of an energy drink, such as a Monster. This product made its debut around 2002. From there, the production rate has skyrocketed its sales in the 20th century. The Hansen Beverage company is the owner of this product and has been accused of many health-related problems, and despiteRead MoreMonster Energy’s Pest Analysis: Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesHansen’s Natural Corporation (Now Monster Beverage Corporation) is a US based company located in Corona, California. They have been in the market from the 1930s in the manufacturing of natural sodas and from the early 20th century into caffeinated beverages. They have taken on Red Bull recently to become the top leader in the market of energy drinks. This can be taken as an advantage and a threat to the company as they have been majorly depending on their Monster Energy dri nk product solely for revenueRead MoreMonster Beverage Corporation : Analysis And Evaluation Of This Manufacturing Organization1792 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Over the years, Monster Beverage Corporation has managed to rise from just a juice company that was insignificant to a major company having a huge and very loyal consumer group. This is in fact considered the top company when it comes to the manufacture of energy drinks. The brand has managed to team up with individuals from the celebrity, music and athletic world, who actually make up most of the company’s consumer base. Monster has taken up the role of keeping up with the lifestyle ofRead MoreMonsters Inc. Animation Analysis Essay examples1220 Words   |  5 Pagesproduced by Pixar Animation Studios, Monsters Inc. Within this film stars two monsters that are employed at a company named Monsters Inc. These fellow monsters go by the names of James P. Sullivan —known as â€Å"Sulley† —and his one-eyed best friend and partner in crime, Mike Wazowski. Within this company, monsters generate their existing city’s energy by the act of scaring children, b ut believe that if they are exposed to these children, they will be contaminated. In Monsters Inc., the characters are createdRead MoreEssay on Monsters Inc810 Words   |  4 PagesMonsters Inc. is an incredible animated movie (by Pixar Studios, 2001, and directed by Pete Doctor) about monsters working in a scare factory. Proudly, the scare factory – a pillar in the community – is a workplace in a monster world where monsters scare children. Through a high-tech system, doors are brought to the factory that, if activated, allows the monsters to enter the child’s room through the youngster’s closet. The scream produced by the child creates energy for the monster world, so that

NAFTA Gainers and Losers Free Essays

Economic cooperation has been a trend in neighboring countries to promote a free-trade zone for the benefit of its constituent countries. The largest of such, the North American Free Trade Agreement, was found in 1994 by the three North American countries. The members of NAFTA are the US, Canada and Mexico which includes a total of 416 million people and a GDP totaling to $12 trillion (Pohlmann, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on NAFTA: Gainers and Losers or any similar topic only for you Order Now NAFTA aimed to totally remove trade barriers between the members for 15 years, which is scheduled to be in 2009. It also reduces the non-tariff trade barriers like sanitary regulations significantly. Although NAFTA major advantages, many are against it. Most of them are in the non-economic areas, and following are examples: US labor unions, environmentalists and Mexican farmers. They believe that NAFTA has unfavorable effects on them. Not all Mexicans are against it, in fact some of them had high hopes that the implementation of this contract would help boost their economy (Pohlmann, 2006). The NAFTA issue is debated in the Congress, with three major subjects: employment, environment and immigration from Mexico to the US. Tariffs had been an important factor in NAFTA for tariffs are taxes on imports and it usually makes imported products more expensive in order top benefit local products. NAFTA participants agreed to cut down the tariffs by 50% and they also agreed to reduce tariffs to 0 in the succeeding fifteen years. Economists clearly saw the benefits NAFTA could have with all its participants. They based their reasoning with the principle of comparative advantage wherein their country would be more organized in creating their goods. Thus each country would produce the goods wherein they are more efficient in producing and they would trade those goods with the goods of other country (which they are very good in producing in their own). However, there are those who contested the free trade contract believing that it would have certain effect on employment as well as on income. There are those who argue that there would be a great deal of unemployment because of rivalry in Mexico. They argued that since wages are much lower in Mexico as compared to United States, then businessmen would start moving their businesses in Mexico. However, there are those who argue that the reason behind higher wages in US lies on the fact that worker efficiency is greater in US as compared to Mexico. NAFTA proved to have great consequence in terms of employment in US. According to a study conducted by the US International Trade Commission (ITI), the US government could gain moderately from a free trade agreement with Mexico. A historical study also showed that NAFTA could produce about 134, 000 jobs in the US. However, a simple method of study conducted by Baldwin and Kahane showed the effects NAFTA could have in terms of employment. The particular study had been conducted in order to see which division would have employment gains and which would undergo job losses. A tabular data had been used in order to create two variables, that of â€Å"gainers† and that of â€Å"losers†. Among the gainers are electrical and non-electrical machinery alike as well as rubber chemicals. However, on the side of the losers we have textiles, glass, leather products and the like. It is important to distinguish gainers from losers and thus an explanation is provided in the quotation be low. The term GAINERS is associated to the number of employees in areas that were projected to have job gains, while the term LOSERS is related to job losses (Kahane, 1996). Thus, the effect of NAFTA allowed a rise in trade in both Canada and Mexico. There is also no clear evidence that US indeed lose jobs because of Mexico. And all in all it showed that there are industries which gained because of the NAFTA agreement while there are also those industries that had had their share of losses as had been mentioned in this paper. Reference: Kahane, L. (1996). Congressional voting patterns on NAFTA: an empirical analysis – North American Free Trade Agreement [Electronic Version]. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Retrieved June 4, 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0254/is_n4_v55/ai_18910967. Pohlmann, D. (2006). The Economic Impact of NAFTA on Mexico [Electronic Version]. Scholarly Publishing House. Retrieved June 4, 2007 from http://www.grin.com/en/preview/67522.html. Rosson, P., Runge, F., Moulton, K. S. Preferential Trading Arrangements: Gainers and Losers from Regional Trading Blocs [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 4, 2007 from http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/agecon/trade/eight.html.       How to cite NAFTA: Gainers and Losers, Essay examples

Mass Songs Essay Sample free essay sample

GLORY AND PRAISE TO OUR GODGLORY AND PRAISE TO OUR GOD.WHO ALONE GIVES LIGHT TO OUR DAYS.Many ARE THE BLESSINS HE BEARS.TO THOSE WHO TRUST IN HIS WAYS. We the girls and boies of HimWho built the vales and fields.Praise and wonders our God has done.In every bosom that sings. In His wisdom He strengthens usLike gold that’s tested in fireThough the power of wickedness prevailsOur God is at that place to salvage Let HEAVEN REJOICELet HEAVEN REJOICE AND EARTH BE GLAD.Let ALL CREATION SING.Let CHILDREN PROCLAIM TO EVERY Land:â€Å"HOSANNA TO OUR KING. † Sound the cornet into the darkThe twenty-four hours of the Lord is nearWake His people. raise your voiceProclaim it to the universe Rise in luster. agitate off your slumberPut on your robes of joyAnd in the forenoon. you shall seeThe glorification of the Lord THE LOVE OF GOD WILL RISE BEFORE THE SUNI KNOW Nothing OF TOMORROWEXCEPT THE LOVE OF GOD WILL RISE BEFORE THE SUNTHE LOVE OF GOD WILL RISE BEFORE THE SUN States shake and earth may quiverAnd storm clouds tend to garnerTrouble seems as deep and black as darkSunglassess of somberness and menaces of day of reckoning I see but I would instead Watch the darkness slice in morning’s visible radiation PAG-AALALABAYAN. MULING MAGTIPON.AWITAN ANG PANGINOON.SA PIGING SARIWAINPAGLILIGTAS N’YA SA ATIN Bayan ating alalahaninPanahong tayo’y inalipinNang ngalan N’ya’y ating sambitinPaanong di tayo lingapin?Bayan walang sawang purihinAng Poon nating mahabaginBayan. isayaw Air National Guard damdaminKandili N’ya’y ating awitin.Sa piging sariwain. pagliligtas N’ya SA atin. PURIHIN ANG PANGINOONPURIHIN ANG PANGINOONUMAWIT NG KAGALAKANAT TUGTUGIN ANG GITARAAT ANG KAAYA-AYANG LIRAHIPAN NINYO ANG TRUMPETA Sa ating pagkabagabag.Sa D’yos tayo’y tumawagSa ating mga kaawaytayo ay Kanyang iniligtas Ang pasaning mabigat.SA ‘ting mga balikatPinagaan ng lubusanng Diyos sodium tagapagligtas LORD. I LIFT YOUR Name ON HIGHLord. I lift Your name on highLord. I love to sing Your congratulationssI’m so glad You’re in my lifeI’m so glad You came to salvage us You came from heaven to earthTo demo the mannerFrom the Earth to the crossMy debt to payFrom the cross to sculptFrom the grave to the skyLord. I lift Your name on high BAYAN. MAGSI-AWIT NA!Bayan magsi-awit sodium! Bayan pinagpala Ka!Dakilang biyayang pangako N’ya sumilay sodium( Refrain 2nd clip for male childs ) Bayan magsi-awit sodium! Bayanpinagpala Ka!Dakilang Gawain ng Diyos AmaKristo. sumilay sodium!Sinauna mong hangarinAng Taoist nga’y tubusinUpang s’ya ay makapilingMapag-irog na D’yos natin ( Ref – unison ) Sa aba n’yang pagkataoSa buhay N’ya sa mundoInihayag kanyang pusoTinig ng Ama nating Diyos ( Ref – 2 voices )Pananatili n’yang tunaySpiritong ating gabayKahulugan at pag-asaPagmamahal at biyaya AS THE DEERAs the cervid panteth for the H2O.So my psyche longeth after theeYou entirely are my heart’s desire.And I long to idolize thee You entirely are my strength. my shieldTo you entirely may my spirit outputYou entirely are my heart’s desire.And I long to idolize thee BUKSAN ANG AMING PUSOBuksan ang aming puso. Turuan Mong mag-alabSa bawat pagkukuro. Lahat ay makayakap.Buksan ang aming isip. Sikatan ng liwanag.Nang kusang matangkilik. tungkulin mabanaag.Buksan ang aming palad. sarili’y maialay.Tulutan Mong ihanap. kami ng bagong Malay. Sing A NEW SongRefrain:Singing a new vocal unto the Lord. Let your vocal be sung from mountains high Singing a new vocal unto the Lord. Singing alleluia. 1. Yahweh’s people dance for joy. oh semen before the Lord.And play for Him on sword lily tambourines and allow your cornet sound. ( Repeat Refrain ) 2. Rise oh kids from your slumber. your Savior now has come. He has turned your sorrow to rejoice. and filled your psyche with vocal. ( Repeat Refrain ) 3. Glad my psyche for I have seen. the glorification of the LordThe huntsmans horns sound. the dead shall be raised. I know my Savior lives. ( Repeat Refrain ) TAKE AND RECEIVE Take and have. O Lord. my autonomy.Take all my will. my head. my memory.All things I hold. and all I own are ThineThine was the gift. to Thee I all resign. Make Thou direct and regulate all and sway.Make what Thou wilt bid and I obey.Merely Thy grace. Thy love on me bestow. These do me rich. all else will I predate. TUBIG NG BUHAY TUBIG NG BUHAY PAGLALAKBAYPATUNGO SA BAGONG BUHAY.O HESUKRISTO. AMINGGABAY. BASBASAN MO IANG AMING ALAY.BUKAL NG LIWANAG: NAGBIBIGAY ILAW SA MGA BULAGKAMI’Y LUMALAPIT SAIYONG BATISUPANG MAKAKITA TwoBUKAL NG PAG-IBIG: NAGBIBIGAY KULAY SA BUONG DAIGDIGKAMI’Y LUMALAPIT SA IYONG BATISUPANG MAGMAHAL ThreeBUKAL NG PAG-ASA: NAGBIBIGAY BUHAY SA NAGKASALAKAMI’Y LUMALAPIT SAIYONG BATIS UPANG MANGARAP PA ANG TANGING ALAY KO Presentation:Salamat SA Iyo. akingPanginoong HesusAko’y inibig Mo. at inangking lubos. Koro:Ang tanging alay KO SA ‘Yo. aking Ama.Ay buong buhay KO. puso at kaluluwa.Hindi makayanang makapagkaloob ;Mamahaling hiyas. ni gintong nilukob.Ang aking dalangin. O Diyos. ay tanggapin.Ang tanging alay KO. nawa ay gamitin.Ito lamang Ama. wala nangiba pa. akong hinihiling. Verse 2:Di KO akalain. na ako ay binigyang-pansin.Ang taong tulad ko’y di dapat mahalin. ( Koro ) Verse 3:Aking hinihintay. Air National Guard‘Yong pagbabalik. Hesus.Ang makapiling Mo’y kagalakang lubos. ( Koro ) PAGHAHANDOG NG SARILI Kunin Mo. O D’yos at tanggapin Mo ;Air National Guard aking kalayaan. Air National Guard aking kalooban.Isip at gunita KO. lahat ng hawak KO.Ang loob ko ay aking alay SA ‘Yo. Nagmula sa’Yo Air National Guard lahat ng ito.Muli kong handog sa’Yo patnubayan Mo’tPaghariang lahat ayon sa kalooban Mo.Mag-utos Ka. Panginoon KO. dagling tatalima ako.Ipagkaloob Mo lang ang pag-ibig Mo.At lahat ay tatalikdan KO. tatalikdan KO. NARITO AKO Koro:Panginoon. narito akoNaghihintay sa utos Mo.Lahat ng yaman KO. ay alay KO SA ‘YoIkaw ang tanging buhay KO. 1. Batid ko nga. at natanto.Sa kasu-latan ‘Yong turo.Pakikinggan at itatago.Sa sulok nanogram puso. ( KORO ) 2. ‘Yong pagligtas. ihahayag.Hanggang sa dulo ng dagat.Pagtulong Mo’t pusong dalisay.Aking ikakalat. ( KORO ) ONE MORE Gift Refrain:If there’s one more giftI’d ask of You. LordIt would be peacehere on Earth.Equally soft as Your children’s laughterAll around. all around. Verse 1:Your people have grown weary. from populating in confusionWhen will we recognize that neither Heaven is at peaceWhen we live non in peace. ( Refrain ) Verse 2:Allow me repose within.For the confusions around are mereContemplations of what’s within.what’s within me. ( Refrain ) End:All unit of ammunition. all around. LORD HERE I AM Lord here I am to reply your call. Lord here I am to function and love you I have left everything merely to follow youHere is my bosom. here is my head. Here is my psyche. here is my whole ego I am for You and You entirely ( Repeat all ) Give Thanks Give thanks with a thankful bosom. Give thanks to the Holy One. Give thanks because He’s given Jesus Christ. His Son ( 2x ) Chorus:And now. allow the weak say I am strong.Let the hapless say I am richbecause of what the Lord has done for us.And now. allow the weak say I am strong.Let the hapless say I am richbecause of what the Lord has done for us Finale: Give thanks. TANG I NG ALAY 1. Salamat sa iyo. aking Panginoong HesusAko’y inibig Mo. at inangking lubos Chorus:Ang tanging alay KO. Sa yo aking AmaAng buong buhay KO. puso’t kaluluwaHindi makayanang maipagkaloobMamahaling hiyas Ni gintong nilukobAng aking dalangin. O Diyos ay tanggapinAng tanging alay KO. nawa ay gamitinIto lamang Ama. wala nang iba dadAkong hinihiling 2. Di ko akalain ako’y iyong bigyang pansinAng taong tulad ko’y di dapat mahalin( Repeat Chorus ) 3. Aking hinihintay ang Yong pagbabalik HESUSAng makapiling ka’y kagalakang lubos( Repeat Chorus ) TANGING YAMANKoro:Ikaw ang aking tanging yaman na ‘di lubu- American ginseng masumpungan. Ang nilikha mong kariktan. sulyap nanogram ‘Yong kagandahan. 1. Ika’y hanap SA t’wina nitong pusong Ikaw lamang Air National Guard saya. Sa ganda nanogram umaga nangungulila SA ‘Yo sinta. ( koro ) 2. Ika’y hanap SA t’wina SA kapwa Ko kita dawdling nadarama. Sa iyong mga likha. hangad dad pealing masdan Air National Guard ‘Yong mukha. ( koro ) IN HIS Time In His clip. in His clip. He makes all things beautiful. in His clip. Lord. delight demo me mundane as You’re learning me Your manner. that You make merely what You say in Your clip . In Your clip. in Your clip. You make all things beautiful. in Your clip. Lord. my life to You I bring. May each vocal I have to sing be to You a lovely thing in Your clip. In MOMENTS LIKE THESE In minutes like these. I sing out a vocalI sing out a love vocal to JesusIn minutes like these. I lift up my custodiesI lift up my custodies to the Lord Singing. I love You Lord. Singing. I love You Lord Singing. I love You Lord. I love You YOU ARE MY HIDING PLACE You are my hiding topographic point. You ever make full my bosom with vocals of rescue. Whenever I am afraid. I will swear in You.I will swear in You! Let the weak say I am strong in the strength of the Lord. I will swear in You! ( REPEAT ALL ) ANIMA CHRISTI Soul of Christ. consecrate me. Body of Christ. salvage me.Water from the side of Christ. rinse me.Passion of Christ. give me strength. Hear me Jesus. conceal me in Thylesions that I may neer go forth Thy side.From all the immorality that surrounds me.support me. And when the call of deceasearrives. offer me come to Thee that I maycongratulations Thee with Thy saints everlastingly. Hear me Jesus. conceal me in Thylesions that I may neer go forth Thy side. From all the immorality that surrounds me. support me. And whenthe call of decease arrives. offer me come to Thee that I may praise Thee with Thy saints everlastingly. YOU ARE NEAR Refrain:Yahweh. I know you are close. standing ever at my side.You guard me from the enemy. and you lead me in ways everlasting. 1. Lord. you have searched my bosom and you know when I sit and when I stand. Your manus is upon me. protecting me from decease. maintaining me from injury. ( ref. ) 2. Where can I run from your love? If I fly to the celestial spheres You are at that place. If I fly to the dawn or canvas beyond the sea. still I find You at that place. ( ref. ) 3. You know my bosom and its ways. You who formed me before I was born. in thesecret of darkness before I saw the Sun. in my mother’s uterus. ( ref. ) HERE I AM LORD I. the Lord of sea and sky. I have heard my people cry.All who dwell in dark and wickedness. my manus will salvageI who made the stars of dark. I will do their darkness bright. Who will bear my visible radiation to them? Whom shall I direct? Chorus:Here I am. Lord. Is it I. Lord?I have heard You naming in the dark.I will travel Lord. if you lead me.I will keep Your people in my bosom. I. the Lord of snow and rain. I have borne my people’s hurting. I have wept for love of them. they turn off.I will interrupt. their Black Marias of rock. give them Black Marias for love entirely. I will talk my word to them. Whom shall I direct? I. the Lord of air current and fire.I will be given the hapless and lameI will put a banquet for them. my manus will salvage. Finest staff of life I will supply. till their Black Marias be satisfied. I will give my life to them. Whom shall I direct? GOD WILL MAKE A WAY God will do a manner. when there seems to be no manner.He works in ways we can non see. He will do a manner for me.He will be my usher. keep me closely to his side. With love and strength for each new twenty-four hours He will do a manner. He will do a manner. ( REPEAT ) By a roadway in the wilderness. He’ll lead me. Rivers in the desert will I see. Heaven and Earth will melt. But His Word will still stay. He will make something new today. God will do a manner. when there seems to be no manner.He works in ways we can non see. He will do a manner for me.He will be my usher. keep me closely to his side. With love and strength for each new He will do a manner. He will do a manner. Ending:With love and strength for each new dayHe will do a manner. He will do a manner. ONE BREAD. ONE Body Refrain:One staff of life. one organic structureOne Lord of all.One cup of blessing which we blessAnd we. though manyThroughout the EarthWe are one organic structure in this 1Gentile or Jew. retainer or freeWoman or adult male. no more ( REFRAIN ) Many the gifts. many the plantsOne in the Lord of all ( REFRAIN ) Grain for the Fieldss. scattered and grownGathered to one for all ( REFRAIN ) Spirit SongO let the Son of God enfold you with his Spirit like a doveHim make full your bosom and fulfill your psyche.O let him hold the things that hold you. with His Spirit like a dove Will fall upon your life and do you whole. Refrain:Jesus. O Jesus. semen and make full your lambs.Jesus. O Jesus. semen and make full your lambs. O semen and sing this vocal with gladfulness as your Black Marias are filled with joy. Raise your custodies in sweet resignation to his name.O give Him all your cryings and unhappiness. give him all your old ages of hurting And you’ll enter into life in Jesus’ name. ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) ISANG PAGKAIN. ISANG KATAWAN. ISANG BAYAN Katulad ng mga butil na tinitiponUpang maging tinapay na nagbibigay buhayKami nawa’y matipon blareAt maging bayan Mong giliw Refrain:Iisang Panginoon. iisang katawanIsang bayan. isang lahiSayo’y nagpupugay Katulad blare nanogram mga ubasNa piniga at pecking alakSino mang uminom nitoMay buhay sodium walang hangganKami nawa’y maging sangkapSa pagbuo nitong baying liyag ( REFRAIN ) MAGPASALAMAT KAYO SA PANGINOON 1. Magpasalamat kayo sa PanginoonNa Syang lumikha ng lahat ng bagay dito sa mundoSiya’y gumawa nanogram buwan at mga bitwinUpang magbigay nanogram liwanag SA pagsapit nanogram dilim Refrain:O magpasalamat SA kanyang mga biyaya at awa.O ating purihin Air National Guard Poon na mahabagin sa atin. 2. Magpasalamat kayo sa PanginoonDahil SA kagandahang loob niya’y magpakailanmanAt pagpalain ng Diyos habang buhayNa siyang nagligtas SA Kanyang hinirang bayang Israel ( REFRAIN ) BLEST BE THE LORD Refrain:Blest be the Lord. blest be the LordThe God of clemency. the God who saves.I shall non fear the dark of dark.Nor the pointer that flies by twenty-four hours. 2. He will let go of me from the cyberspaces of iniquitous work forces.He will protect me from their wicked custodies.Beneath the shadow of His wingsI will joy to happen a dwelling topographic point secure. 3. I need non shrivel before the panics of the darknor stand entirely before the visible radiation of twenty-four hours.No injury shall come to me. to arrow strike me down.No evil settee in my psyche. TIME TO CHANGE It’s clip for us to do our dreams comeA guiding voice will state us what to makeIt’s the clip to alter ourselves and demo the universeThat we still care for work forcesAnd we’ll lead them there TwoWe’ll lead them to a topographic point beyond the seaA topographic point of love where everyone is freeDon’t despair the way to felicity is broadIf we must alter our waysName on God for our usher ( Repeat II ) If we must alter our waysName on God — for our usher Let THERE BE PEACE Let there be peace on Earth and allow it get down with me.Let there be peace of Earth the peace that was meant to be.With God as our Father. brothers all are we.Let me walk with my brother in perfect harmoniousness.Let peace get down with me. allow this be the minute now.With every measure I take. allow this be my grave vow ;to take each minute and unrecorded each minute in peace everlastingly. Let there be peace on Earth and allow it get down with me. ALL MY DAYS Refrain:Till the terminal of my yearss O Lord. I will bless your nameSinging Your congratulations. give you thanks. all my yearss 1. You have made me small less than a GodAnd hold lavished my bosom with Your loveWith self-respect and award You’ve clothed meGiven me regulation over all ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) 2. You blessed me with good things and plentifulnessAnd surrounded my tabular array with friendsTheir love and their laughter enrich meTogether we sing Your congratulations ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) 3. Your Sun and Your Moon give me lightAnd Your stars show the manner through the darkYour rivers and watercourses have refreshed meI will sing Your congratulations ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) 4. How great is Your love O FatherThat You sent us Your Savior SonHis decease and His rise will mend usAnd pull us all unto You ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) ServiceWe are made for service to care for all work forcesWe are made for love both clip and once moreA love that will give through sorrow and hurtingA love that will neer decease with strainGod sent His Son to demo us the mannerOne who shared His love every minute of the twenty-four hoursOne who gave His life that we might populateAnd His Spirit to assist us through the old ages.Life can be so lonely when cipher attentionsLife can be so empty when cipher portionsBut if adult male gives himself to assist other work forcesThe felicity of Christ will populate within PANANAGUTAN Walang sinuman Air National Guard nabubuhay parity SA sarili lamangWalang sinuman Air National Guard namamatay parity SA sarili lamang Refrain:Tayong lahat ay may pananagutan sa isa’t-isaTayong lahat ay tinipon ng Diyos na kapiling nyaSa ating pagmamahalan at paglilingkod SA kaninumanTayo’y nagdadala ng balita nanogram kaligtasan ( REFRAIN ) Sabay-sabay ngang mag-aawitan Air National Guard mga bansaTayo’y itinuring ng Panginoon bilang mga anak ( REFRAIN ) SIYA Buhay ko’y may kaguluhan. Ang landas walang patutunguhanKaibigan. Fatah Revolutionary Council kaya Air National Guard kahahantungan?Ngunit salamat ako’y natagpuan. Binigyan Niya ng kapayapaan Tanging kay Hesus mayroong tagumpay RefrainSiya ang aking patnubay. Siya ang aking gabaySiya SA aki’y nagbigay buhaySi Hesus ang katotohanan. si Hesus Air National Guard DaanSiya ang tanging Panginoon magpakailan dad adult male At ngayon SA aking buhay. Sa tuwina’y Siya’y nagbabantay Ang pag-ibig niya’y tunay na walang kapantay.Hinding-hindi na ako mangangamba. Si Hesus dawdling kasamaSiya SA akin at ako’y SA Kanya ( REFRAIN ) GO TELL EVERYONE God’s Spirit is in my bosom. He has called me and put me apart This is what I have to make. what I have to make RefrainHe sent me to give the good intelligence to the haplessTell captives that they are prisoners no moreTell blind people that they can see. and set the down-trodden free And travel. state everyone the intelligence that the Kingdom of God has come And travel. state everyone the intelligence that the God’s land has come I WILL Sing FOREVER I will sing everlastingly of your love. O Lord.I will observe the admiration of Your name.For the Word that you speak is a vocal of forgiveness.and a vocal of soft clemency and of peace.Let us wake at the forenoon and be filled with Your loveand sing vocals of congratulations all our yearss.For Your love is every bit high as the celestial spheres above us.And your fidelity every bit certain as the morning. I will sing everlastingly of your love. O Lord.For You are my safety and my strength.You fill the universe with Your vitalizing Spirit that speaks Your Word. Your Word of clemency and of peace.And I will sing everlastingly of Your love. O Lord.Yes. I will sing everlastingly of Your love. O Lord! Merely as the Father sent Me. so I’m directing you out to beMy informant throughout the universe. the whole of the universe ( REFRAIN ) Don’t worry what you have to state. don’t concern because on that twenty-four hours God’s Spirit will work in your bosom. will talk in your bosom ( REFRAIN )

Compared to the original Daniell Cell Essay Example

Compared to the original Daniell Cell Paper By completing and testing this hypothesis our group believes that it will factor in the aim of increasing the voltage and current of our Daniell Cell. Hypothesis 2 According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reactions table, our group hypothesises that by changing the half cells so that their E0 values are a greater distance apart that the voltage and current will show an increase and improve the Daniell Cell. The general make up of a Daniell Cell is two half cells, one with copper metal (Cu) and the other cell using zinc metal (Zn). The electrolyte then is both sulfates of each metal, CuSO4 and ZnSO4 making up the Cell. According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reductions (SRPHR), Copper and Zinc is a good pair since Copper is a fairly strong oxidizing agent and Zinc is a very good reducing agent which gives a high voltage between these two half cells. Corrosion Doctors, 2006 The group has decided in changing one of these half cells to a better oxidizing agent or a reducing agent the voltage of our cell will increase and therefore support our hypothesis. Since this is a school experiment, it is very hard to access the best oxidizing agents, which has left us with Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) as our best oxidizer and magnesium (Mg2+) as our best reducing agent. When both ionic concentrations (the electrolyte) are at 1M and the room temperature is at 25oC you can calculate the voltage of what two half cells would be by using the given E0 value. Copper has an E0 of +0. 34 volt and Zinc has an E0 of -0. 76 volt and you subtract the oxidizer from the reducing agent which gives 1. 10 V (volts). We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The calculations for the magnesium and potassium permanganate are as follows, potassium permanganate E0 value is 1. 52 and the magnesium E0 value is -2. 37 which gives 3. 89 volts. Under these conditions the voltage should increase from 1. 10 volts to 3. 89 volts, in which will support our second hypothesis. Hypothesis 3 After extensive research into different forms of salt bridges, our group believes that in using the porous pot salt bridge the decrease in resistance provided by the pot will increase the voltage and current readings of the original Daniell Cell. A salt bridge, in chemistry, is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of an electrochemical cell. It is also apart of the internal circuit of the cell with the external circuit being the wire that connects the anode to the cathode. Salt bridges usually comes in two types: glass tube and filter paper with other portable options still available. One type of salt bridges consists of U-shaped glass tubes filled with a relatively inert electrolyte, usually potassium nitrate. The conductivity of the glass tube bridges depends mostly on the concentration of the electrolyte solution. The other type of salt bridges consists of a filter paper, also soaked with a relatively inert electrolyte, usually potassium nitrate because it is chemically inert. Conductivity of this kind of salt bridges depends on a number of factors: the concentration of the electrolyte solution, the texture of the filter paper and the absorbing ability of the filter paper. Generally smoother texture and higher absorbency equates to higher conductivity. A porous pot or other porous barrier between the two half-cells may be used instead of a salt bridge; they give a much higher current flow since the resistance is much less which is ideal for this investigation. Chemistry Virtual Textbook, 2006 In the Daniell Cell the porous pot cell consists of a central zinc anode dipping into a porous pot containing the zinc sulfate solution. The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a large beaker, which acts as the cells cathode. The use of a porous barrier prevents the copper ions in the copper sulfate solution from reaching the zinc anode and undergoing reduction. This would render the cell ineffective by bringing the battery to equilibrium. Our group has hypothesised that using the Porous Pot as the salt bridge will bring upon an increase in voltage and current therefore making a Better Battery. Balanced Chemical Equations and E0 values Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn(s) E0 = -0. 76 V Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) E0 = 0. 34 V Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s). Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s) E0C = E0ox + E0red = 0. 76 + 0. 34 E0C = 1. 10 V Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- Mg(s) E0 = -2. 37 V Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) E0 = 0. 34 V Mg(s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) Mg(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + Cu(s) E0C = E0ox + E0red = 2. 37 + 0. 34 E0C = 2. 71 V 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 10e- 5 Mg(s) E0 = -2. 37 V 2 MnO4- (aq) + 16 H+ + 10e- 2 Mn2+ + 8 H20 (l) E0 = 1. 52 5 Mg(s) 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 10e- 2 MnO4- (aq) + 16 H+ + 10e- 2 Mn2+ + 8 H20 (l) 5 Mg(s) + 2 MnO4-(aq) + 16 H+ 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 2 Mn2+ + 8H2O (l) E0C = E0ox + E0red= 2. 37 + 1. 52 E0C = 3. 89 Method Daniell Cell 1. Using two beakers place them close together and fill the beakers half way with the chosen electrolytes. 2. Place the Copper and Zinc metals in their respective salt solutions which are both 0. 1 M in concentration 3. Connect the wires to each electrode (metal) and connect the wires though a voltmeter/ammeter 4. Saturate the salt bridge (filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate and insert each end into both half-cell solutions. 5. Record Results for both current and voltage Hypothesis One 1. Setup the original Daniell Cell 2. After setting up and functioning the original Daniell Cell, change the concentration of the CuSO4 solution to 0. 5M. 3. Record the results shown on the voltmeter and ammeter 4. After this, change the concentration of the CuSO4 solution to 1M 5. Record the results shown on the voltmeter and ammeter. 6. Repeat this with the zinc half cell, by changing the copper half cell back to 0. 1M and increasing the zinc sulfate to 0. 5M then 1M. 7. Record the results of the voltage and current for these two experiments. Hypothesis Two (A) 1. Place two beakers side by side, filling them up half way with MgSO4 0. 1M and CuSO4 0. 1M. 2. Place the metals in their respective salts (sulfate solutions) 3. Connect the wires to each metal and plug the ends into the ammeter/voltmeter. 4. Now that the external circuit is present, saturate the salt bridge (in this case, filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) solution and place into each half cell. 5. Turn on the voltmeter/ammeter and record results. Hypothesis Two (B) 1. Place two beakers side by side, filling them up half way with MgSO4 0. 1M and MnO4 0. 02M 2. Place the magnesium metal in its respective salt 3. Place an inert metal such as carbon in the MnSO4 solution 4. Connect the wires to each metal and plug the ends into the ammeter/voltmeter 5. Now that the external circuit is present, saturate the salt bridge (in this case, filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) solution and place into each half cell. 6. Turn on the voltmeter/ammeter and record results. Hypothesis Three 1. Using a larger beaker, fill with the Cathode (Copper) electrolyte to around 1/2 full 2. Place the Porous Pot (which has been soaked in KNO3) in to the beaker and pour the other electrolyte (Zinc) inside. 3. Add the two electrodes to their distinguished salts. 4. Turn on the ammeter/voltmeter and record the results. Super Cell 1. Repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 in hypothesis three. 2. Instead of using Copper and Zinc half cells, use MnO4 (Potassium Permanganate) and MgSO4 (Magnesium) with MgSO4 being the anode. 3. The concentrations for each half cells are as follows; KMnO4 0. 02M and MgSO4 0. 1M 4. Use an ammeter/voltmeter to receive the final data for the investigation. Results Tables Hypothesis One: In reference to the Nernst Equation and Le Chi telier principle, our group believes that by having increased concentration in the cathode and a reduced concentration in the anode in each electrolyte will cause the voltage and current readings to increase and improve the Daniell Cell. Voltage (V) Trial ZnSO4 0. 1M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 0. 5M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 1M Avg % Dif CuSO4 0. 1M 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 0. 97 0. 98 0. 97 0. 97 0 0. 96 0. 97 0. 96 0. 96 -1. 03 CuSO4 0. 5M 1. 05 1. 02 1. 04 1. 04 7. 22 Â  CuSO4 1M 1. 15 1. 09 1. 10 1. 11 14. 4 Current (mA) Trial ZnSO4 0. 1M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 0. 5M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 1M Avg % Dif CuSO4 0. 1M 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 0. 22 0. 22 0. 24 0. 22 0 0. 21 0. 23 0. 26 0. 23 4. 55 CuSO4 0. 5M 0. 33 0. 44 0. 38 0. 37 68. 2 CuSO4 1M 0. 45 0. 56 0. 49 0. 50 127 Hypothesis Two: According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reactions table, our group hypothesises that by changing the half cells so that their E0 values are a greater distance apart that the voltage and current will show an increase and improve the Daniell Cell. Voltage (V) Trial Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) Avg % Dif Mg(s) | Mg2+(aq) Avg % Dif Cu(s) | Cu2+(aq) 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 1. 71 1. 82 1. 75 1. 76 83. 33 MnO4- | Mn2+ 2. 76 2. 86 2. 89 2. 84 192. 78 Current (mA) Trial Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) Avg % Dif Mg(s) | Mg2+(aq) Avg % Dif Cu(s) | Cu2+(aq) 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 0. 32 0. 35 0. 34 0. 34 54. 54 MnO4- | Mn2+ 0. 59 0. 55 0. 58 0. 57 159. 1 Hypothesis Three: After extensive research into different forms of salt bridges, our group believes that in using the porous pot salt bridge the decrease in resistance provided by the pot will increase the voltage and current readings of the original Daniell Cell. Trial Voltage Avg % Dif Current Avg/ % Dif Daniell Cell 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 Porous Pot 1. 07 1. 08 1. 09 1. 08 11. 34 27 28 25 27 12172 Safety During the investigation the group used five different types of electrolytes for the extent of the experiment. These five solutions were Zinc Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Potassium Nitrate, Potassium Permanganate and Magnesium Sulfate. These five solutions yielded the property that meant they could be dissolved into water with Zinc, Potassium and Magnesium all forming a clear colour. Copper Sulfate forms a blue solution, whereas Potassium Permanganate forms a dark purple solution. Throughout the duration of the investigation students must wear safety glasses along with a lab coat to protect their skin from any contact with the solutions. Keep the experimental area clear of books and other items that may cause an incidence of spilling or breaking equipment. In an emergency situation, such as contact with the eyes and skin, the patient must flush and wash away the solution for fifteen minutes and remove all contaminated clothing. If large amounts of any of these solutions are ingested do not induce vomiting and call for a physician immediately. Conclusion and Discussion In relation to the first hypothesis the results have supported what has been stated. From an in depth study of both the Nernst and Le Chatelier principles the hypothesis was made that by changing the concentration in the cathode and keeping the anode at its lowest concentration will show an increase in current compared to the original Daniell Cell. The average of the Daniell Cells voltage and current was 0. 97 volts and 0.22 mA, then the concentration in the cathode and anode were increased and decreased giving positive results. When our hypothesis was tested the current, as expected, increased vastly going from an average of 0. 22 0. 50 mA by just changing the concentration. As well as the current the voltage also increased slightly going from 0. 97 1. 11 volts. This can be explained by using Ohms Law which is: which can be said as; when increasing I (current) as long as the resistance stays the same the voltage is also going to increase. The second hypothesis was once again supported by encouraging results. In this case both the cathode and anode were getting changed at different times in hoping finding two half cells that gave the best voltage reading. The anode was changed first and by doing this the group achieved an improved reading, to complete the hypothesis the cathode was then changed which meant the new battery was using the two half cells that were the furthest away from each other that could be obtained in classroom conditions. The Daniell Cells starting voltage was 0. 97 volts and when using Carbon + KMnO4 0. 02M as the cathode and Copper + CuSO4 0. 1M as the anode the reading we received was 2. 84 V which was a much better results to the original Cell. Le Chateliers Principle can be used to explain the decrease in voltage (compared to the redox table) in the results involving these two half cells. Since the concentration in the cathode is lower in contrast to the anode the shift in equilibrium is towards the anode which then causes less of the solution used giving a lower voltage. The current was increased by 159. 1 % which then can be clarified by Ohms Law which says that when increasing voltage the current will also increase when the resistance is kept at a constant. The third and final hypothesis was in relation to the changing of the salt bridge which was hoping to bring about a change in the current flow. The group only tested one other type of salt bridge due to time constraints which proved very effective. The porous pot was a new type of salt bridge which caused the internal circuit to be much more efficient and also make the battery portable. The current reading given by using the porous pot salt bridge was far better then the group expected, going from 0. 22 mA 27 mA (12172 % increase) which was a very pleasing result firmly supporting our hypothesis. The voltage also showed an improvement of over 11 % which shows strong support again to our hypothesis. Therefore our Super Cell was able to be formed by observing these result tables. Since the aim of this investigation was to find the best battery with the most current and voltage these changes must be made. The two half cells have to be as far away as possible on the redox table to cause the highest E0 value or voltage. The salt bridge that must be used is the porous pot as it provides a very high current reading and causes the battery to be more realistic as it will be portable. The last change is that the cathode must have the highest concentration for an extra increase in current. This factor was not testable for our super cell as the only concentration for the MnO4 was 0. 02 M Our Super Cell is then as follows Mg(s) + MgSO4 (0. 1M) MnO4 (0. 02M) + C(s) Using Porous Pot soaked in KNO3 Voltage = 3. 0740. 001 V (216. 91% difference) Current = 1191 mA (53,990% difference) These results show the vast improvement of the new Super Cell compared to the original Daniell Cell. The aim has therefore been attended to and completed and all three hypotheses have been supported with compatible results. Evaluation Although the results received were very positive and back up all hypotheses there were many limitations and errors that could have been taken care of in the future. The external circuits or the wires connecting each half cell almost all had rust on them which acts as a resistance causing a reduced voltage and current. The rust was also not consistent on each set of wires, which meant when the group used different wires the voltage and current readings differed each time. The volt and ammeters were very inaccurate at times and most of the time not giving a current reading which meant there was less time to carefully finish each experiment which then caused more inaccuracy in the results. Another error which occurred due to equipment, which was unfortunately unavoidable, was each of the solutions used. After each reading was taken we were to pour the solutions back into their containers. The solutions may have been contaminated whilst the cell was operating and as the solution was then poured back into the original container the contamination spread. This would eventually decrease the concentration of electrolyte and as such change the data, decreasing the voltage and current. To fix this error, the solutions should not be poured back into the containers again. Another error was the lack of trials within the experiment. Due to time constraints we complete the desired number of trials for each hypothesis. It is desirable to have as many tests as possible, one trial to establish the basis while the others are trying to be as accurate as possible. By not having a complete number of trials we limited the results that have been found. If we were able to complete more trials, we would have been able to have a fairer and more accurate result. We would be able to overcome this by having a longer time to conduct our trials. This would have given more time to be more precise with the work that was completed. A different filter paper salt bridge should have been used each time testing, since when used once the paper soaks up the electrolytes of each half cell which becomes inexact next time its put into use. The filter paper also dries out after a while which reduces the current of the cell, making the experiment more inaccurate as time progresses. The group was only provided with 0. 02 M KMnO4 which then forced us to not put one of our hypotheses into use in creating our Super Cell which was having the concentration in the anode lower then the concentration in the cathode. Another error was the use of Carbon as the inert metal in the KMnO4 solution. Since Carbon is not completely inert the current was unable to flow, free of resistance from the Carbon, therefore reducing the current reading of the cell. The magnesium metal was also an issue as it tends to oxidise instantly with oxygen causing an oxide layer on the metal and also reducing the current reading of the cell. Further investigation could possibly be to test many other hypotheses such as the surface area of the metals to make our results more thorough. More electrodes could have been added to the half-cells. This would create a cell with a larger surface area in which the reactions would take place. This would then allow a larger current and voltage as there would have been more electrons to create a higher current. There would have been a larger amount of area in which the electrons would be able to be taken from. The larger the surface area, more electrons are able to be attracted to the electrode, consequently producing more voltage and current. Russian Chemical Views, 2009 Cutting edge battery research and development have allowed improvements such as changing the metals in the half cell to still make it more efficient eg. Lithium. Lithium-ion batteries are incredibly popular these days. Theyre so common because, pound for pound, theyre some of the most energetic rechargeable batteries available. Lithium batteries are disposable batteries that have lithium metal or lithium compounds as an anode. The term lithium battery comprises of many types of cathodes and electrolytes. The most common type of lithium cell used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide as cathode, with a salt of lithium dissolved in an organic solvent. (Brain, 2008) Improvements such as the electrodes being further apart in the redox table, eg lithium and silver would have been able to create a higher voltage. Again this is a problem because it is very unsafe as lithium is so reactive that it will react with the oxygen in the air. Therefore it may not be possible to create a Daniell Cell out of those materials. Further research into looking into ways of creating more reactive yet stable electrodes we could create a cell which supports the claims of the Redox table but is also able to be completed within a class room environment. Bibliography All about electrochemistry. Chemistry Virtual Textbook. 2006 Chemistry 1. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chem1. com/acad/webtext/elchem/Figure 1: Chemistry Pictures. Daniell Cell. 2006 Electrochemistry Principles. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemistrypictures. org/d/175-2/electrochemistry. jpg Electrochemical Cell. 2006 Corrosion Doctors. (Feb. 2009. ) http://corrosion-doctors. org/Electrochem/Cell. htm Electrochemical Cells. Online Resource Centre. 2004 Oxford University. (Feb. 2009. ) http://hyperphysics. phyastr. gsu. edu/hbase/chemical/electrochem. html#c2 Electrochemical Determination of Surface Area of Metals. IOP Electronic Journals. 2009. Russian Chemical Views. Mar. 2009. http://www. iop. org/EJ/abstract/0036-021X/47/5/R02 Electrochemical Reactions. Electrochemistry. 2007 Bodner Research Web. (Feb. 2009. ) http://chemed. chem. purdue. edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch20/electro. php Figure 2: How voltage and current relate? 2005 Ohms Law. All about circuits. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. allaboutcircuits. com/vol_1/chpt_2/1. html LE CHATELIERS PRINCIPLE. Concentration Equilibrium. 2003 Chemistry Guide. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemguide. co. uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier. html Lower, Stephen. The Nernst Equation. All about Electrochemistry. 2005. Chemistry 1. Feb. 2009. http://www. chem1. com/acad/webtext/elchem/ec4. html Nernst Equation. Electric Work. Science Waterloo. 2008 (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. science. uwaterloo. ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/nernsteq. html Figure 3: The Nernst Equation. Hermann Walther Nernst. 2004 Biol-Paisley. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. biol. paisley. ac. uk/marco/enzyme_electrode/Chapter2/Nernst. htm Voltage and Current. Electrochemistry. 2004 Hyper chemistry. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemlin. net/chemistry/electrochemistry. htm

Spinner Pet Sitters

Spinner Pet Sitters The current report presents a balanced scorecard for Spinner Pet Sitters. Based on the balanced scorecard and the company’s performance, the report also provides recommendations for Shelly to improve its performance in the coming years.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Spinner Pet Sitters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Balanced Scorecard for Spinner Pet Sitters A balanced scorecard is a strategic management tool, which is used to align a business’ performance and activities with its mission, vision, and objectives. Based on the information provided in the case study, the following balanced scorecard is developed for Spinner Pet Sitters: Perspective Objectives Measures Organizational Goal Actual Performance Gap Financial Perspective Increase quarterly profits to $ 5,000 Increase return on capital employed (ROCE) to $ 4,000 Profit results for the quarter Return on capital employed (ROCE) for the quarter Profit for the quarter = $ 5,000 Return on capital employed (ROCE) for the quarter = $ 4,000 Profit for the quarter = $ 6,000 Return on capital employed (ROCE) for the quarter = $ 1,500 $1,000 $2,500 Customer Perspective Increase customer satisfaction to 95 percent Increase customer recommendation rate to 80 percent Customer satisfaction rate Customer recommendation rate Customer satisfaction rate = 95 percent Customer recommendation rate = 80 percent Customer satisfaction rate = 95 percent Customer recommendation rate = 100 percent 0% 20% Internal Processes To reduce duplication of activities in relation to different functions in the organization To reduce bottlenecks in the processes Percentage of completed activities which are duplicated in other functions Percentage of bottlenecks in an average run cycle Percentage of completed activities which are duplicated in other functions = 25 percent Percentage of bottleneck s in an average run cycle = 15 percent Percentage of completed activities which are duplicated in other functions = 20 percent Percentage of bottlenecks in an average run cycle = 15 percent -5% 0% People / Innovation / Growth Assets To reduce turnover of employees To increase job satisfaction among employees Employees’ turnover rate Employees’ job satisfaction rate Employees’ turnover rate = 25 percent Employees’ job satisfaction rate = 90 percent Employees’ turnover rate = 0 percent Employees’ job satisfaction rate = 50 percent -25% -40% Recommendations for Spinner Pet Sitters Keeping in view the planned and actual performance of Spinner Pet Sitters and the gaps identified in the balanced scorecard presented above, following recommendations have been put forward for Spinner Pet Sitters to improving its performance. The quarterly profits were reported to be above the targeted level, which is a positive sig n for the company. However, in order to maintain the continuous growth in profits, the company needs to achieve higher efficiency in its operations. On the other hand, the return on capital employed was considerably lower than expected. In the coming periods, this could be improved by investing additional capital resources for enhancing the operational efficiency of the business. As far as the customer satisfaction rate and customer recommendation rate are concerned, the actual results show that all expectations were met during the quarter. However, it is recommended that the business should keep its focus on delivering high quality and practicing effective customer care to ensure sustainability. The efficiency level in the company’s processes should be improved in order to reduce the duplication of activities. Jobs should be enriched and job designs should be reconsidered to improve the overall job satisfaction level of employees. Reference List Balanced Scorecard Institute . (2013). Balanced Scorecard Basics. Retrieved from https://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSC-Basics/About-the-Balanced-Scorecard Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (1992). The balanced scorecard-Measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 70(1), 71-79.

Nursing Research Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Research Article - Essay Example The article explains the importance of ensuring patients receive the expected high quality services and safety requirements. The research places importance on the healthcare facilities’ adhering to quality service standards. The article vividly shows the importance of the continuing delivery of high quality healthcare facilities’ nursing services and continuing improvement of the facilities’ patient safety healthcare facility safety. The Needleman and Hassmiller professional journal article shows the importance of continuing improvement the safety of the patients and healthcare professionals (Needleman & Hassmiller, 2009). The participants include a study of nursing care services of both Magnet hospitals and non-Magnet classified hospitals in the United States. The article focuses on the importance of hospital quality, nursing care, and efficiency. The authors emphasize adequate hospital nursing services are implemented. The article insists the continuing improvement of nursing care services is constantly tailored to fit each changing nursing care situation. Further, the article places timely importance on the nurses’ effective control of hospital or facility costs and expenses being harmonized with other affected departments, units, or areas. The journal article’s Magnet hospitals’ research findings show the importance of setting into motion the continuing improvement of front-line nursing staff healthcare service delivery. The improvements include the implementation of the Transforming Care at bedside quality healthcare services. The article’s additional research findings show nursing leadership, nursing staff, and healthcare facility administrators must actively contribute to improving the quality, safety, as well as efficiency of nursing care services. It is clear that the article places importance on the continuing improvement and safety of healthcare services. The article places importance on the

User Models and Models of Human Performance Essay

User Models and Models of Human Performance - Essay Example There are seven steps that are involved in developing a critical path model (Stanton 2007). The first is defining the tasks. In a situation where a driver is driving a car on the road and his mobile phone rings, the river will perform the following tasks: The second step identifies the input and output sensory modalities used in the tasks. For example, in retrieving the mobile, the driver will use his left or right hand, making the task step manual. Pressing buttons is also manual and can either be done by the right or the left thumb. Talking on the phone constitutes speech modality whereas listening requires auditory. Reading the screen requires visual modality and responding can involve cognitive modality. Step 3 of the approach requires construction of a chart, where dependency of the tasks is assessed (Sikora & Hattan 2009). The tasks need to be followed in a specific order, one after the other, and two tasks having the same modality need to be performed in series. Step 4 involves assigning the task time and these estimates should be accurate, unbiased and consistent (Thornley 2003). For example, retrieving the mobile can take five, six seconds on average, whereas talking can take long, depending on the duration of the conversati on. Pressing the buttons can take up to half a second each, whereas reading and looking at the screen can consume two to three seconds each. Then forward pass time needs to be calculated by adding up the individual times of each task, and, assuming a one minute long conversation, it becomes 73 seconds. Then backward pass is calculated. The last step is the calculation of the critical path, which is done by identifying the nodes which have zero difference between Earliest Start Time and Latest Finish Time. The model will provide a comprehensive procedure to make adjustments for variations in user performances. The arrangement of elements can be evaluated by a cognitive model and the design can be adjusted to outcomes of the

Report 501 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Report 501 - Research Paper Example One of the widely used resource centre for efficient information service management is the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). To be precise, hundreds of organizations all around the globe are encouraged to adhere to the practices outlined in the ITIL. In essence, different groups of stakeholders comprehend that to achieve top most success in information service management, then, it is essential that the key basics of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library are put into close consideration. The library offers the best platform for ensuring that an organization can efficiently achieve its set out operational goals. It further paves way for our organization to execute the right set of procedures towards creation of a successful and innovative business environment for the future (Mar 2013, 1). To be exact, the implementation of the ITIL in an organization is seriously a key subject not only in promoting our company’s competitive advantage but also in t he achievement of all our set out business goals. On this regard, this paper aims at delivering a well-designed report on the subject matter of issues related to the implementation of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library. In simple terms, the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) entails a comprehensive and well-designed set of information technology documents that define the finest practices and techniques to be applied in an information technology environment. That is, it contains a high quality set of guidelines that are widely used in the day-to-day operations of both public and private companies (Chen 2010, 5). This is by providing them with an advanced blueprint necessary for the organization and management of the operations of an information technology company. The Information Technology Infrastructure library has aided many companies in promoting their global competitive advantage and be

Should Courts Lift the Corporate Veil?

Should Courts Lift the Corporate Veil? The doctrine laid down in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd has to be watched very carefully. It has often been supposed to cast a veil over the personality of a limited company through which the courts cannot see. But that is not true. The courts can and often do draw aside the veil. They can and often do pull off the mask. They look to see what really lies behind. The legislature has shown the way with group accounts and the rest. And the courts should follow suit. I think that we should look at the Fork company and see it as it really is the wholly owned subsidiary of the tax payers. It is the creature, the puppet of the taxpayers in point of fact, and it should be so regarded in point of law. Per Lord Denning MR, Littlewoods Mail Order Stores Ltd v I.R.C. [1969] 3 All ER 855 1.0  Introduction This dissertation will discuss the principles of limited liability and corporate personality and the courts’ reluctance to disregard the corporate veil the principle called â€Å"piercing the Corporate Veil†. We shall consider the circumstances in which the Courts have been able to pierce the veil of incorporation and the reasons as to why they have in most cases upheld the decision in Solomon v Solomon & Co[1]. All companies in the United Kingdom have to be registered and incorporated under the Companies Act which governs the principle of limited liability hence giving the owners or shareholders a curtain against liability from creditors in the case of the company falling into financial troubles. This curtain so created gives the company a separate legal personality so that it can sue and be sued in its own right and the only loss to the owners or shareholders is the number of shares held in the company on liquidation with no effect on their personal assets. This distinct separation between the owners or shareholders and the limited company is the concept referred to as the ‘veil of incorporation’ or ‘corporate veil’. In conclusion, it shall be argued that the courts should lift or pierce the corporate veil to a significantly greater extent so as to hold erring shareholders or directors of a corporation liable for the debts or liabilities of the corporation despite the general principle of limited liability were the corporation has insufficient assets to off-set the creditor liabilities. 2.0  Limited liability and Corporate Personality The principles of limited liability and corporate personality are the cornerstone of the United Kingdom company law since the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, its consolidation in 1856[2] and the introduction of the Limited Liability Act 1855. These two principles have been so guarded by the courts as being fundamental to today’s company law by upholding the separate legal personality of a corporate entity. However, whilst the original intention of the legislation was to help companies raise capital through the issue of shares without exposing the shareholders to risk beyond the shares held, the present attraction to incorporating a company is the advantage of shielding behind the curtain of limited liability which could be abused by some businessmen. 2.1  Companies Act 2006 Article 3 (1) provides that a company is a â€Å"limited company† if the liability of its members is limited by its constitution. Article 7 (2) provides that a company may not be so formed for an unlawful purpose. Article 16 (2) The subscribers to the memorandum, together with such other persons as may from time to time become members of the company, are a body corporate by the name stated in the certificate of incorporation. (3) That body corporate is capable of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company. 2.2  Limited liability As stated above, the doctrine of limited liability was introduced by the Limited Liability Act 1855 as a means by which companies could raise capital by selling company shares without exposing the shareholders to unlimited liability.[3] The principle of limited liability shields the company owners, shareholders and directors or managers against personal liability in the event of the company winding up or becoming insolvent. In such an event the liability of its owners and shareholders is limited to the individual shareholding held as provided for by the Companies Act 2006 and the Insolvency Act 1986[4]. This means that the members of a company do not have to contribute their personal assets to the company assets to meet the obligations of the company to its creditors on its liquidation but have to contribute the full nominal value of the shares held by individual shareholders. It should be noted here that such limited liability does not shield the limited company from liability until all its debts or assets are exhausted. This principle has so been held since the House of Lords ruling in the Solomon case[5] in which the Lords where of the view that the motives behind the formation of a corporation was irrelevant in determining its rights and liabilities as long as all the requirements of registration are complied with and the company is not formed for an unlawful purpose[6]. Much as a limited company has a separate legal personality, its decisions are made by directors and managers who should use the powers conferred unto them by the company board of directors and the memorandum and articles of association[7], and any abuse will entail personal liability by the officer concerned. Limited liability encompasses both the small enterprise including one-man companies[8] and big companies hence limiting the liabilities to company assets and not to any other personal assets.[9] This view has been endorsed in recent times through numerous cases as evidenced in a one-man company, Lee’s Air Farming. Lee was the majority shareholder and director in the company in which he was also the employee. He was killed on duty in an air accident and the court held that Lee and the company were two separate entities and hence entitled to compensation.[10] The courts will only in exceptional circumstances such as abuse, fraud or where the company was used as an agent of its owner disregard the doctrine of limited liability and hold members, shareholders or directors personally liable for the debts and other company obligations to the creditors in what has been termed the piercing or lifting of the veil of incorporation. However, there are several statutory laws which allow for the principle of limited liability to be ignored in such situations as in the reporting of financial statements of group companies[11], corporate crime and insolvency[12] which we shall discuss below. 2.3  Corporate Personality A limited company is a legal person[13] with an existence which is separate and independent from its members as long as all the formalities of registration are adhered with in line with the Act. The corporate identity entails the company can sue and be sued in its own right without affecting its owners’ or shareholders’ rights. It is trite law that the only plaintiff to a wrong done to a company is prima facie company itself and not its shareholders[14] except in instances where there is a fraud against shareholders or the acts complained of are illegal. The company has been held as having an independent legal corporate personality since it was first held in the case of Solomon v A Solomon & Co Ltd[15]. To emphasise this point, Lord Macnaghten said that it seemed impossible â€Å"to dispute that once the company is legally incorporated it must be treated like any other independent person with its rights and liabilities appropriate to itself, and that the motives of those who took part in the promotion of the company are absolutely irrelevant in discussing what those rights and liabilities are.[16] In this case, Solomon registered his company into a limited company under the Companies Act[17] which required a minimum of seven (7) members for incorporation. Solomon became the major shareholder with his wife and children holding a share each but the company ran into financial problems leaving no assets for the unsecured creditors on liquidation. Whilst the court of appeal held the company to be a ‘sham’ and an alias, trustee or nominee for Solomon and that the transaction was contrary to the true intent of the Companies Act[18] the House of Lords reversed this decision and held that the company had been validly registered as required by the Act and hence had a separate legal personality from the shareholders. In arriving at this decision, Lord Macnaghten said that, â€Å"The company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Nor are the subscribers, as members liable, in any shape or form, except to the extent and in the manner provided by the Act.† This decision shows that the House of Lords identified that the important factor was the observance of the requirements and formalities of the Act which safeguarded the principles of limited liability and corporate personality.  To date, this is the correct interpretation of the Company’s Act and it is important that the principle in maintained in the advancement of commerce. It should be noted here that the principle of corporate personality does not affect the company creditors to a large extent as far as the recovery of the debts is concerned. Following the decision in the Solomon case, Professor Gower has described a limited company as being ‘opaque and impassable’[19], whilst on the other hand it was described as ‘calamitous’[20]. Some commentators suggest that courts have been more inclined to the maintenance of the sanctity of the separate legal integrity of a company and have resisted the common law resolution of â€Å"peering under the skirts of a company to examine its linen (dirty or otherwise)†[21] as can be observed from the numerous cases since the Solomon case. The foregoing shows the importance to commerce of the incorporation of a company as it allows for continuity of the business transactions despite any changes in the owners, administrators, directors or shareholders of the company. However, common law has in some exceptional instances ignored this principle in stances of abuse or fraudulent use of a sham corporate structure. The courts have ignored the corporate sham structure and peer behind the veil to identify the â€Å"directing mind and will† that control the company and such intervention being termed as lifting the veil, cloak[22] or mask[23]. Whilst the courts have at times pierced the veil to benefit creditors when a company is placed under liquidation, there has been reluctance by the same courts to pierce the veil in instances which could have favourable results for shareholders.[24] 3.0  One-man Limited Companies The Council Directive 89/667[25] provides for the formation of one-man private companies hence moving away from the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 requirements. This Directive highlights the advancement in commerce and as can be indentified from the Solomon case, Mr Solomon was the owner of the company and only registered the other six shares for his wife and children to fulfil the requirements of the Act. The company owner in these one-man corporations would in most instances also be the director in which case some unscrupulous individuals could escape liability for their own misconduct by holding assets in the name of the corporation. The courts are prepared to pierce the corporate veil in a one man company so as to be enabled to treat assets of the company as â€Å"property held by the defendants† were the company is held to be an alter ego of the owner.[26] However, the courts have shown that they are not prepared to pierce the corporate veil even in one-man limited companies as long as they are properly registered as required by the Act. In the case lee v Lee’s  Air Farming[27] mentioned above, Mr Lee incorporated Lee’s Farming Limited and was the director and controlling officer as an employee of the company. On his death in an air crush whilst on duty and the family claimed workers’ compensation. The court held that the company and Mr Lee were distinct and separate entities and hence Mr Lee was a worker in his own company. Hence we see here the court’s upholding of the principle set down by the rule in Solomon v Solomon[28] which has remained controversial[29] with changing commercial activity and globalisation. The courts have been more willing to pierce the veil in one-man companies were the owner of the company is usually the controlling officer and does not deal with the company at arm’s length. In the case of Wallersteiner v Moir[30], Lord Denning held that the subsidiaries were controlled by Dr Wallersteiner making them â€Å"puppets† which â€Å"danced to his bidding†. Lord Denning is pointing out here that whilst the subsidiaries appeared to have a separate personality, they were in reality his agents or sham companies with no existence of their own and hence warranted the piercing of the veil. This principle of corporate personality as established in the Salomon case has been extended to groups companies which we shall look at below. 4.0  Group Companies Group companies comprise of the parent company with its subsidiaries carrying on their businesses not as a common enterprise or â€Å"single economic unit†[31], though portraying it as such to the outside world. The principle of limited liability applies to the subsidiary companies so formed as they are registered companies under the Act and as such each has a separate legal personality to the parent company and hence can sue and be sued in their own right. The advantage of this arrangement to the group is that it limits liability to each subsidiary company in the group whilst sharing the group profits for the benefit of the group structure. Such group structures can lead to the parent company forming subsidiary companies to run its risky part of the business and hence insulating itself from liability in the event of the subsidiary company failing to meet its obligations to the creditors.[32] The effect of corporate personality in group companies is that each entity is legally independent and separate from other subsidiaries and the parent, hence each entity being liable for its own debts,[33] which affirms the Solomon principle. Lord Justice Slade said: â€Å"Our law, for better or worse, recognises the creation of subsidiary companies, which though in one sense the creatures of their parent companies, will nevertheless under the general law fall to be treated as separate legal entities with all the rights and liabilities which would normally attach to separate legal entities†.[34] This is still the law and an affirmation of the principle in the Solomon case. In the case of Ord & Another v Belhaven Pubs Ltd,[35] the proprietors of a company which was in the business of acquiring old pub premises, doing them up and then letting them to tenants, duly let a renovated pub building to Ord. There had been misrepresentations made by the company as to the potential profitability of the premises which only came to light some time later. By the time Belhaven Pubs Ltd had ceased trading and could not meet its debts. Ord sought leave to substitute the parent company. The Court of Appeal held that the defendant company which had granted the lease was legitimate and had not been a mere faà §ade for the holding company and hence could not be substituted. This basic principle of separate legal identity has been re-affirmed more recently in the Court of Appeal decision in Adams v Cape Industries PLC[36]. In this case, the defendant company was a member of a corporate group with a UK parent company. The employees in its US subsidiaries were injured by inhaling asbestos dust and had successfully sued the subsidiaries in US courts. They applied to enforce judgement against the parent company arguing that Cape had been present in the USA through its subsidiaries as they formed a â€Å"single economic unit†. The Court declined to pierce the corporate veil and held that the â€Å"fundamental principle is that each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity possessed of separate legal rights and liabilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The principle in the case of Salomon was upheld on the basis that the subsidiary companies had been legitimately formed and hence were separate legal entities distinct from the parent company. 5.1  The Directing Mind A registered company is a separate and distinct legal entity, a body corporate[37] possessing rights and made subject to duties being able to sue and be sued in its own right. In the case of Lennard’s Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co. Ltd[38], the court held that, â€Å"a corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who for some purposes may be called an agent, but who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation†¦..† So we see here that the courts are willing to look behind the corporate veil as a matter of law so as to establish the directing officer behind the decisions and actions taken by the company. The directing mind of a corporation is the senior person whose authority is derived from the companys board of directors to perform the functions of the company as directed and for the benefit of the company.[39] In the course of business, such senior persons would then delegate their authority to other employees for the efficient running of the company in which case such employees’ actions or inactions would be considered as those of the â€Å"directing mind†. Lord Reid further went on to define the â€Å"directing mind and will† of the company as the person who acts for the company as he acts as â€Å"the company and his mind which directs his acts is the mind of the company.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. He is not acting as a servant, representative, agent or delegate. He is an embodiment of the company or, one could say, he hears and speaks through the persona of the company, within his appropriate sphere, and his mind is the mind of the company. If it is a guilty mind then that guilt is the guilt of the company.†[40] Therefore, this would mean that the â€Å"directing mind and will† of the company is any employee who performs certain functions for the corporation as long as he has the authority to do so and does not act outside his mandate in which case he will be held personally liable[41]. In Williams and another v. Natural life health foods ltd and mistlin,[42] the case of a small one-person company, Sir Patrick Russell in his dissenting judgment pointed out that â€Å"the managing director will almost inevitably be the one possessed of qualities essential to the functioning of the company†, but that in itself does not mean that the director is willing to be personally liable to the companys customers. Therefore to convict a company, the court will go behind the status of the separate legal entity distinction so as to establish the â€Å"directing mind and will† of the company controlling its activities[43]. However, it has been identified that the principle of limited liability can be subject to abuse and in the circumstances were there is statute will not provide justice or equity, the courts have in such exceptional circumstances disregarded the principle and held the shareholders or directors accountable for their decisions in the running of the company. The process in which the courts have disregarded the principle of limited liability is called â€Å"piercing the corporate veil† which is the main discussion of this document. 5.2  Tortious Liability The company is vicariously liable for any torts committed by its employees or agents whilst acting in the course of the official duties and ‘shall not be called into question on the ground of lack of capacity’[44] whilst the employee or agent remains the primary tortfeasor[45]. It is therefore clear that the â€Å"directing mind and will† can sometimes be personally liable for torts, for which the company is also liable, for their fraudulent acts though done on behalf of the company. 4.3  Criminal Liability The Barrow Borough Council case is thought to be the first prosecution of a local authority for corporate manslaughter. To convict a company of corporate manslaughter, the prosecution must prove the companys conduct, which led to the deaths, was the conduct of a senior person in the company—the directing mind (also often referred to as the controlling mind). In practical terms, this means that for a company to be guilty of corporate manslaughter a senior person (normally a director) also has to be guilty of manslaughter. The difficulty with these cases, particularly against larger companies with layers of management, is proving a causal link between the conduct (or lack of it) of the directing mind and the incident that caused death. 6.0  The Corporate Veil The corporate veil is the curtain that legally separates the company from its shareholders hence holding the company as having a separate legal personality and limited liability. In curtailing any abuses of limited liability and the protection of creditors to both small and group companies, the courts have in certain instances, though reluctantly, looked behind the corporate veil to establish the true intent of the controlling officers of the company. The courts have in the rare circumstances ignored the corporate form and looked at the business realities of the situation so as to prevent the deliberate evasion of contractual obligations, to prevent fraud or other criminal activities and in the interest of public policy and morality. Piercing the corporate veil has not been complicated in one-man companies were the owner is usually the director and hence the controlling officer as compared to group companies which have a layered structure. The controlling officer[46] will be held liable and asked to account for his actions so that the company can fulfil its financial obligations to its creditors in the event of company insolvency. In the case of Royal Brunei Airlines v Tan[47] made clear. 6.1  Lifting the Corporate Veil The corporate veil is a curtain that shields company shareholders and directors from personal liability by the principle of limited liability in the event of the company being insolvent and unable to fulfil its obligations. The lifting of the corporate veil concept describes a legal decision where the limited company shareholders or directors are held liable for the debts or other liabilities of the corporation contrary to the principle of limited liability. Whilst there is strict liability legislation to prosecute erring limited companies for statutory offences but were there is insufficient statutory protection, the common law remedy of piercing of the corporate veil is imposed by the courts so as to put liability on the controlling officer (directing mind) of the corporation. However, the courts have been reluctant to rebut the principle of limited liability and only in exceptional circumstances have they been willing to pierce the corporate veil to establish the true facts. In this way, certain individuals or parent-companies responsible for the company’s actions are held liable so at to account for their decisions as shareholders or directors. Generally, the UK corporate law holds that the shareholders, directors or parent-companies are not liable for corporate obligations of the companies or subsidiaries they control hence maintaining the principles of limited liability and separate legal corporate personality. The principles of separate legal personality and limited liability have been long recognised in English law[48] and that the shareholders or directors are not liable for the debts of the company as long as it is properly administered.[49] However, in exceptional circumstances[50], the courts have been prepared to look behind the company and establish the actions or inactions of the directors and shareholders using the process known as â€Å"piercing the corporate veil†. Piercing the corporate veil is the process whereby the court ignores the principle of corporate personality and holds the shareholders or directors liable for their actions so that they meet the company obligations in their personal capacities.  The courts will pierce or the â€Å"veil† were the corporate structure has been used as an instrument of fraud or to circumvert the law.[51] It has been argued that whilst the courts have used the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil though reluctantly, it is still not well understood leading to uncertainties in the legal process.[52] Some commentators have argued that the exceptional circumstances in which the courts have justified the piercing of the corporate veil is uncertain as evidenced by the number of contradictory decisions by the courts.[53]  Goulding[54] further argues that ‘it is not possible to distil any single principle from the decided cases as to when the courts will lift the veil’ due to the diversity of the cases, though they are more willing in cases of extreme abuse.[55] In the leading case on this subject, Solomon v Solomon[56] discussed above, the House of Lords maintained that â€Å"individuals could organise their affairs as they wanted and that if they chose to do so via incorporation they were entitled to the protection of limited liability as long as the incorporation was in accordance with the formal rules of the relevant legislation†. Though it is English trite law that the incorporation of a company protects the members from company liability by the principle of limited liability, there are both statutory and common law exceptions to the principle in cases of abuse of the corporate structure. 7.0  Statutory Exceptions Gower and Davies[57] argue that the courts are willing to lift the veil were statutory wording of a particular statute[58] is explicit as Parliament intended. The courts have resisted the temptation to pierce the veil because they consider it just to do so[59] though they are more willing in exceptional circumstances or were they feel that the shareholders or directors are concealing the true facts[60]. However, the courts have been reluctant to lift the veil were the statute does not specifically provide for it. There are various Acts which specifically provide for the lifting of the corporate veil and as such are strict and have to be followed. Following are a few examples of both civil and criminal liability imposed on limited companies. Companies Act 2006 sections 398 and 399 Group of companies Although each company is a separate legal person, section 399 (2) requires that the parent company prepares group accounts at the end of the financial year so as to â€Å"give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss†. This Act looks at the group of companies as a ‘single economic entity’ and in effect lifting the corporate veil which goes against the principles of corporate personality and limited liability.