Compared to the original Daniell Cell Essay Example

Compared to the original Daniell Cell Paper By completing and testing this hypothesis our group believes that it will factor in the aim of increasing the voltage and current of our Daniell Cell. Hypothesis 2 According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reactions table, our group hypothesises that by changing the half cells so that their E0 values are a greater distance apart that the voltage and current will show an increase and improve the Daniell Cell. The general make up of a Daniell Cell is two half cells, one with copper metal (Cu) and the other cell using zinc metal (Zn). The electrolyte then is both sulfates of each metal, CuSO4 and ZnSO4 making up the Cell. According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reductions (SRPHR), Copper and Zinc is a good pair since Copper is a fairly strong oxidizing agent and Zinc is a very good reducing agent which gives a high voltage between these two half cells. Corrosion Doctors, 2006 The group has decided in changing one of these half cells to a better oxidizing agent or a reducing agent the voltage of our cell will increase and therefore support our hypothesis. Since this is a school experiment, it is very hard to access the best oxidizing agents, which has left us with Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) as our best oxidizer and magnesium (Mg2+) as our best reducing agent. When both ionic concentrations (the electrolyte) are at 1M and the room temperature is at 25oC you can calculate the voltage of what two half cells would be by using the given E0 value. Copper has an E0 of +0. 34 volt and Zinc has an E0 of -0. 76 volt and you subtract the oxidizer from the reducing agent which gives 1. 10 V (volts). We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The calculations for the magnesium and potassium permanganate are as follows, potassium permanganate E0 value is 1. 52 and the magnesium E0 value is -2. 37 which gives 3. 89 volts. Under these conditions the voltage should increase from 1. 10 volts to 3. 89 volts, in which will support our second hypothesis. Hypothesis 3 After extensive research into different forms of salt bridges, our group believes that in using the porous pot salt bridge the decrease in resistance provided by the pot will increase the voltage and current readings of the original Daniell Cell. A salt bridge, in chemistry, is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of an electrochemical cell. It is also apart of the internal circuit of the cell with the external circuit being the wire that connects the anode to the cathode. Salt bridges usually comes in two types: glass tube and filter paper with other portable options still available. One type of salt bridges consists of U-shaped glass tubes filled with a relatively inert electrolyte, usually potassium nitrate. The conductivity of the glass tube bridges depends mostly on the concentration of the electrolyte solution. The other type of salt bridges consists of a filter paper, also soaked with a relatively inert electrolyte, usually potassium nitrate because it is chemically inert. Conductivity of this kind of salt bridges depends on a number of factors: the concentration of the electrolyte solution, the texture of the filter paper and the absorbing ability of the filter paper. Generally smoother texture and higher absorbency equates to higher conductivity. A porous pot or other porous barrier between the two half-cells may be used instead of a salt bridge; they give a much higher current flow since the resistance is much less which is ideal for this investigation. Chemistry Virtual Textbook, 2006 In the Daniell Cell the porous pot cell consists of a central zinc anode dipping into a porous pot containing the zinc sulfate solution. The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a large beaker, which acts as the cells cathode. The use of a porous barrier prevents the copper ions in the copper sulfate solution from reaching the zinc anode and undergoing reduction. This would render the cell ineffective by bringing the battery to equilibrium. Our group has hypothesised that using the Porous Pot as the salt bridge will bring upon an increase in voltage and current therefore making a Better Battery. Balanced Chemical Equations and E0 values Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn(s) E0 = -0. 76 V Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) E0 = 0. 34 V Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s). Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s) E0C = E0ox + E0red = 0. 76 + 0. 34 E0C = 1. 10 V Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- Mg(s) E0 = -2. 37 V Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) E0 = 0. 34 V Mg(s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) Mg(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + Cu(s) E0C = E0ox + E0red = 2. 37 + 0. 34 E0C = 2. 71 V 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 10e- 5 Mg(s) E0 = -2. 37 V 2 MnO4- (aq) + 16 H+ + 10e- 2 Mn2+ + 8 H20 (l) E0 = 1. 52 5 Mg(s) 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 10e- 2 MnO4- (aq) + 16 H+ + 10e- 2 Mn2+ + 8 H20 (l) 5 Mg(s) + 2 MnO4-(aq) + 16 H+ 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 2 Mn2+ + 8H2O (l) E0C = E0ox + E0red= 2. 37 + 1. 52 E0C = 3. 89 Method Daniell Cell 1. Using two beakers place them close together and fill the beakers half way with the chosen electrolytes. 2. Place the Copper and Zinc metals in their respective salt solutions which are both 0. 1 M in concentration 3. Connect the wires to each electrode (metal) and connect the wires though a voltmeter/ammeter 4. Saturate the salt bridge (filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate and insert each end into both half-cell solutions. 5. Record Results for both current and voltage Hypothesis One 1. Setup the original Daniell Cell 2. After setting up and functioning the original Daniell Cell, change the concentration of the CuSO4 solution to 0. 5M. 3. Record the results shown on the voltmeter and ammeter 4. After this, change the concentration of the CuSO4 solution to 1M 5. Record the results shown on the voltmeter and ammeter. 6. Repeat this with the zinc half cell, by changing the copper half cell back to 0. 1M and increasing the zinc sulfate to 0. 5M then 1M. 7. Record the results of the voltage and current for these two experiments. Hypothesis Two (A) 1. Place two beakers side by side, filling them up half way with MgSO4 0. 1M and CuSO4 0. 1M. 2. Place the metals in their respective salts (sulfate solutions) 3. Connect the wires to each metal and plug the ends into the ammeter/voltmeter. 4. Now that the external circuit is present, saturate the salt bridge (in this case, filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) solution and place into each half cell. 5. Turn on the voltmeter/ammeter and record results. Hypothesis Two (B) 1. Place two beakers side by side, filling them up half way with MgSO4 0. 1M and MnO4 0. 02M 2. Place the magnesium metal in its respective salt 3. Place an inert metal such as carbon in the MnSO4 solution 4. Connect the wires to each metal and plug the ends into the ammeter/voltmeter 5. Now that the external circuit is present, saturate the salt bridge (in this case, filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) solution and place into each half cell. 6. Turn on the voltmeter/ammeter and record results. Hypothesis Three 1. Using a larger beaker, fill with the Cathode (Copper) electrolyte to around 1/2 full 2. Place the Porous Pot (which has been soaked in KNO3) in to the beaker and pour the other electrolyte (Zinc) inside. 3. Add the two electrodes to their distinguished salts. 4. Turn on the ammeter/voltmeter and record the results. Super Cell 1. Repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 in hypothesis three. 2. Instead of using Copper and Zinc half cells, use MnO4 (Potassium Permanganate) and MgSO4 (Magnesium) with MgSO4 being the anode. 3. The concentrations for each half cells are as follows; KMnO4 0. 02M and MgSO4 0. 1M 4. Use an ammeter/voltmeter to receive the final data for the investigation. Results Tables Hypothesis One: In reference to the Nernst Equation and Le Chi telier principle, our group believes that by having increased concentration in the cathode and a reduced concentration in the anode in each electrolyte will cause the voltage and current readings to increase and improve the Daniell Cell. Voltage (V) Trial ZnSO4 0. 1M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 0. 5M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 1M Avg % Dif CuSO4 0. 1M 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 0. 97 0. 98 0. 97 0. 97 0 0. 96 0. 97 0. 96 0. 96 -1. 03 CuSO4 0. 5M 1. 05 1. 02 1. 04 1. 04 7. 22 Â  CuSO4 1M 1. 15 1. 09 1. 10 1. 11 14. 4 Current (mA) Trial ZnSO4 0. 1M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 0. 5M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 1M Avg % Dif CuSO4 0. 1M 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 0. 22 0. 22 0. 24 0. 22 0 0. 21 0. 23 0. 26 0. 23 4. 55 CuSO4 0. 5M 0. 33 0. 44 0. 38 0. 37 68. 2 CuSO4 1M 0. 45 0. 56 0. 49 0. 50 127 Hypothesis Two: According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reactions table, our group hypothesises that by changing the half cells so that their E0 values are a greater distance apart that the voltage and current will show an increase and improve the Daniell Cell. Voltage (V) Trial Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) Avg % Dif Mg(s) | Mg2+(aq) Avg % Dif Cu(s) | Cu2+(aq) 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 1. 71 1. 82 1. 75 1. 76 83. 33 MnO4- | Mn2+ 2. 76 2. 86 2. 89 2. 84 192. 78 Current (mA) Trial Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) Avg % Dif Mg(s) | Mg2+(aq) Avg % Dif Cu(s) | Cu2+(aq) 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 0. 32 0. 35 0. 34 0. 34 54. 54 MnO4- | Mn2+ 0. 59 0. 55 0. 58 0. 57 159. 1 Hypothesis Three: After extensive research into different forms of salt bridges, our group believes that in using the porous pot salt bridge the decrease in resistance provided by the pot will increase the voltage and current readings of the original Daniell Cell. Trial Voltage Avg % Dif Current Avg/ % Dif Daniell Cell 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 Porous Pot 1. 07 1. 08 1. 09 1. 08 11. 34 27 28 25 27 12172 Safety During the investigation the group used five different types of electrolytes for the extent of the experiment. These five solutions were Zinc Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Potassium Nitrate, Potassium Permanganate and Magnesium Sulfate. These five solutions yielded the property that meant they could be dissolved into water with Zinc, Potassium and Magnesium all forming a clear colour. Copper Sulfate forms a blue solution, whereas Potassium Permanganate forms a dark purple solution. Throughout the duration of the investigation students must wear safety glasses along with a lab coat to protect their skin from any contact with the solutions. Keep the experimental area clear of books and other items that may cause an incidence of spilling or breaking equipment. In an emergency situation, such as contact with the eyes and skin, the patient must flush and wash away the solution for fifteen minutes and remove all contaminated clothing. If large amounts of any of these solutions are ingested do not induce vomiting and call for a physician immediately. Conclusion and Discussion In relation to the first hypothesis the results have supported what has been stated. From an in depth study of both the Nernst and Le Chatelier principles the hypothesis was made that by changing the concentration in the cathode and keeping the anode at its lowest concentration will show an increase in current compared to the original Daniell Cell. The average of the Daniell Cells voltage and current was 0. 97 volts and 0.22 mA, then the concentration in the cathode and anode were increased and decreased giving positive results. When our hypothesis was tested the current, as expected, increased vastly going from an average of 0. 22 0. 50 mA by just changing the concentration. As well as the current the voltage also increased slightly going from 0. 97 1. 11 volts. This can be explained by using Ohms Law which is: which can be said as; when increasing I (current) as long as the resistance stays the same the voltage is also going to increase. The second hypothesis was once again supported by encouraging results. In this case both the cathode and anode were getting changed at different times in hoping finding two half cells that gave the best voltage reading. The anode was changed first and by doing this the group achieved an improved reading, to complete the hypothesis the cathode was then changed which meant the new battery was using the two half cells that were the furthest away from each other that could be obtained in classroom conditions. The Daniell Cells starting voltage was 0. 97 volts and when using Carbon + KMnO4 0. 02M as the cathode and Copper + CuSO4 0. 1M as the anode the reading we received was 2. 84 V which was a much better results to the original Cell. Le Chateliers Principle can be used to explain the decrease in voltage (compared to the redox table) in the results involving these two half cells. Since the concentration in the cathode is lower in contrast to the anode the shift in equilibrium is towards the anode which then causes less of the solution used giving a lower voltage. The current was increased by 159. 1 % which then can be clarified by Ohms Law which says that when increasing voltage the current will also increase when the resistance is kept at a constant. The third and final hypothesis was in relation to the changing of the salt bridge which was hoping to bring about a change in the current flow. The group only tested one other type of salt bridge due to time constraints which proved very effective. The porous pot was a new type of salt bridge which caused the internal circuit to be much more efficient and also make the battery portable. The current reading given by using the porous pot salt bridge was far better then the group expected, going from 0. 22 mA 27 mA (12172 % increase) which was a very pleasing result firmly supporting our hypothesis. The voltage also showed an improvement of over 11 % which shows strong support again to our hypothesis. Therefore our Super Cell was able to be formed by observing these result tables. Since the aim of this investigation was to find the best battery with the most current and voltage these changes must be made. The two half cells have to be as far away as possible on the redox table to cause the highest E0 value or voltage. The salt bridge that must be used is the porous pot as it provides a very high current reading and causes the battery to be more realistic as it will be portable. The last change is that the cathode must have the highest concentration for an extra increase in current. This factor was not testable for our super cell as the only concentration for the MnO4 was 0. 02 M Our Super Cell is then as follows Mg(s) + MgSO4 (0. 1M) MnO4 (0. 02M) + C(s) Using Porous Pot soaked in KNO3 Voltage = 3. 0740. 001 V (216. 91% difference) Current = 1191 mA (53,990% difference) These results show the vast improvement of the new Super Cell compared to the original Daniell Cell. The aim has therefore been attended to and completed and all three hypotheses have been supported with compatible results. Evaluation Although the results received were very positive and back up all hypotheses there were many limitations and errors that could have been taken care of in the future. The external circuits or the wires connecting each half cell almost all had rust on them which acts as a resistance causing a reduced voltage and current. The rust was also not consistent on each set of wires, which meant when the group used different wires the voltage and current readings differed each time. The volt and ammeters were very inaccurate at times and most of the time not giving a current reading which meant there was less time to carefully finish each experiment which then caused more inaccuracy in the results. Another error which occurred due to equipment, which was unfortunately unavoidable, was each of the solutions used. After each reading was taken we were to pour the solutions back into their containers. The solutions may have been contaminated whilst the cell was operating and as the solution was then poured back into the original container the contamination spread. This would eventually decrease the concentration of electrolyte and as such change the data, decreasing the voltage and current. To fix this error, the solutions should not be poured back into the containers again. Another error was the lack of trials within the experiment. Due to time constraints we complete the desired number of trials for each hypothesis. It is desirable to have as many tests as possible, one trial to establish the basis while the others are trying to be as accurate as possible. By not having a complete number of trials we limited the results that have been found. If we were able to complete more trials, we would have been able to have a fairer and more accurate result. We would be able to overcome this by having a longer time to conduct our trials. This would have given more time to be more precise with the work that was completed. A different filter paper salt bridge should have been used each time testing, since when used once the paper soaks up the electrolytes of each half cell which becomes inexact next time its put into use. The filter paper also dries out after a while which reduces the current of the cell, making the experiment more inaccurate as time progresses. The group was only provided with 0. 02 M KMnO4 which then forced us to not put one of our hypotheses into use in creating our Super Cell which was having the concentration in the anode lower then the concentration in the cathode. Another error was the use of Carbon as the inert metal in the KMnO4 solution. Since Carbon is not completely inert the current was unable to flow, free of resistance from the Carbon, therefore reducing the current reading of the cell. The magnesium metal was also an issue as it tends to oxidise instantly with oxygen causing an oxide layer on the metal and also reducing the current reading of the cell. Further investigation could possibly be to test many other hypotheses such as the surface area of the metals to make our results more thorough. More electrodes could have been added to the half-cells. This would create a cell with a larger surface area in which the reactions would take place. This would then allow a larger current and voltage as there would have been more electrons to create a higher current. There would have been a larger amount of area in which the electrons would be able to be taken from. The larger the surface area, more electrons are able to be attracted to the electrode, consequently producing more voltage and current. Russian Chemical Views, 2009 Cutting edge battery research and development have allowed improvements such as changing the metals in the half cell to still make it more efficient eg. Lithium. Lithium-ion batteries are incredibly popular these days. Theyre so common because, pound for pound, theyre some of the most energetic rechargeable batteries available. Lithium batteries are disposable batteries that have lithium metal or lithium compounds as an anode. The term lithium battery comprises of many types of cathodes and electrolytes. The most common type of lithium cell used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide as cathode, with a salt of lithium dissolved in an organic solvent. (Brain, 2008) Improvements such as the electrodes being further apart in the redox table, eg lithium and silver would have been able to create a higher voltage. Again this is a problem because it is very unsafe as lithium is so reactive that it will react with the oxygen in the air. Therefore it may not be possible to create a Daniell Cell out of those materials. Further research into looking into ways of creating more reactive yet stable electrodes we could create a cell which supports the claims of the Redox table but is also able to be completed within a class room environment. Bibliography All about electrochemistry. Chemistry Virtual Textbook. 2006 Chemistry 1. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chem1. com/acad/webtext/elchem/Figure 1: Chemistry Pictures. Daniell Cell. 2006 Electrochemistry Principles. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemistrypictures. org/d/175-2/electrochemistry. jpg Electrochemical Cell. 2006 Corrosion Doctors. (Feb. 2009. ) http://corrosion-doctors. org/Electrochem/Cell. htm Electrochemical Cells. Online Resource Centre. 2004 Oxford University. (Feb. 2009. ) http://hyperphysics. phyastr. gsu. edu/hbase/chemical/electrochem. html#c2 Electrochemical Determination of Surface Area of Metals. IOP Electronic Journals. 2009. Russian Chemical Views. Mar. 2009. http://www. iop. org/EJ/abstract/0036-021X/47/5/R02 Electrochemical Reactions. Electrochemistry. 2007 Bodner Research Web. (Feb. 2009. ) http://chemed. chem. purdue. edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch20/electro. php Figure 2: How voltage and current relate? 2005 Ohms Law. All about circuits. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. allaboutcircuits. com/vol_1/chpt_2/1. html LE CHATELIERS PRINCIPLE. Concentration Equilibrium. 2003 Chemistry Guide. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemguide. co. uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier. html Lower, Stephen. The Nernst Equation. All about Electrochemistry. 2005. Chemistry 1. Feb. 2009. http://www. chem1. com/acad/webtext/elchem/ec4. html Nernst Equation. Electric Work. Science Waterloo. 2008 (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. science. uwaterloo. ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/nernsteq. html Figure 3: The Nernst Equation. Hermann Walther Nernst. 2004 Biol-Paisley. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. biol. paisley. ac. uk/marco/enzyme_electrode/Chapter2/Nernst. htm Voltage and Current. Electrochemistry. 2004 Hyper chemistry. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemlin. net/chemistry/electrochemistry. htm

Spinner Pet Sitters

Spinner Pet Sitters The current report presents a balanced scorecard for Spinner Pet Sitters. Based on the balanced scorecard and the company’s performance, the report also provides recommendations for Shelly to improve its performance in the coming years.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Spinner Pet Sitters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Balanced Scorecard for Spinner Pet Sitters A balanced scorecard is a strategic management tool, which is used to align a business’ performance and activities with its mission, vision, and objectives. Based on the information provided in the case study, the following balanced scorecard is developed for Spinner Pet Sitters: Perspective Objectives Measures Organizational Goal Actual Performance Gap Financial Perspective Increase quarterly profits to $ 5,000 Increase return on capital employed (ROCE) to $ 4,000 Profit results for the quarter Return on capital employed (ROCE) for the quarter Profit for the quarter = $ 5,000 Return on capital employed (ROCE) for the quarter = $ 4,000 Profit for the quarter = $ 6,000 Return on capital employed (ROCE) for the quarter = $ 1,500 $1,000 $2,500 Customer Perspective Increase customer satisfaction to 95 percent Increase customer recommendation rate to 80 percent Customer satisfaction rate Customer recommendation rate Customer satisfaction rate = 95 percent Customer recommendation rate = 80 percent Customer satisfaction rate = 95 percent Customer recommendation rate = 100 percent 0% 20% Internal Processes To reduce duplication of activities in relation to different functions in the organization To reduce bottlenecks in the processes Percentage of completed activities which are duplicated in other functions Percentage of bottlenecks in an average run cycle Percentage of completed activities which are duplicated in other functions = 25 percent Percentage of bottleneck s in an average run cycle = 15 percent Percentage of completed activities which are duplicated in other functions = 20 percent Percentage of bottlenecks in an average run cycle = 15 percent -5% 0% People / Innovation / Growth Assets To reduce turnover of employees To increase job satisfaction among employees Employees’ turnover rate Employees’ job satisfaction rate Employees’ turnover rate = 25 percent Employees’ job satisfaction rate = 90 percent Employees’ turnover rate = 0 percent Employees’ job satisfaction rate = 50 percent -25% -40% Recommendations for Spinner Pet Sitters Keeping in view the planned and actual performance of Spinner Pet Sitters and the gaps identified in the balanced scorecard presented above, following recommendations have been put forward for Spinner Pet Sitters to improving its performance. The quarterly profits were reported to be above the targeted level, which is a positive sig n for the company. However, in order to maintain the continuous growth in profits, the company needs to achieve higher efficiency in its operations. On the other hand, the return on capital employed was considerably lower than expected. In the coming periods, this could be improved by investing additional capital resources for enhancing the operational efficiency of the business. As far as the customer satisfaction rate and customer recommendation rate are concerned, the actual results show that all expectations were met during the quarter. However, it is recommended that the business should keep its focus on delivering high quality and practicing effective customer care to ensure sustainability. The efficiency level in the company’s processes should be improved in order to reduce the duplication of activities. Jobs should be enriched and job designs should be reconsidered to improve the overall job satisfaction level of employees. Reference List Balanced Scorecard Institute . (2013). Balanced Scorecard Basics. Retrieved from https://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSC-Basics/About-the-Balanced-Scorecard Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (1992). The balanced scorecard-Measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 70(1), 71-79.

Nursing Research Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Research Article - Essay Example The article explains the importance of ensuring patients receive the expected high quality services and safety requirements. The research places importance on the healthcare facilities’ adhering to quality service standards. The article vividly shows the importance of the continuing delivery of high quality healthcare facilities’ nursing services and continuing improvement of the facilities’ patient safety healthcare facility safety. The Needleman and Hassmiller professional journal article shows the importance of continuing improvement the safety of the patients and healthcare professionals (Needleman & Hassmiller, 2009). The participants include a study of nursing care services of both Magnet hospitals and non-Magnet classified hospitals in the United States. The article focuses on the importance of hospital quality, nursing care, and efficiency. The authors emphasize adequate hospital nursing services are implemented. The article insists the continuing improvement of nursing care services is constantly tailored to fit each changing nursing care situation. Further, the article places timely importance on the nurses’ effective control of hospital or facility costs and expenses being harmonized with other affected departments, units, or areas. The journal article’s Magnet hospitals’ research findings show the importance of setting into motion the continuing improvement of front-line nursing staff healthcare service delivery. The improvements include the implementation of the Transforming Care at bedside quality healthcare services. The article’s additional research findings show nursing leadership, nursing staff, and healthcare facility administrators must actively contribute to improving the quality, safety, as well as efficiency of nursing care services. It is clear that the article places importance on the continuing improvement and safety of healthcare services. The article places importance on the

User Models and Models of Human Performance Essay

User Models and Models of Human Performance - Essay Example There are seven steps that are involved in developing a critical path model (Stanton 2007). The first is defining the tasks. In a situation where a driver is driving a car on the road and his mobile phone rings, the river will perform the following tasks: The second step identifies the input and output sensory modalities used in the tasks. For example, in retrieving the mobile, the driver will use his left or right hand, making the task step manual. Pressing buttons is also manual and can either be done by the right or the left thumb. Talking on the phone constitutes speech modality whereas listening requires auditory. Reading the screen requires visual modality and responding can involve cognitive modality. Step 3 of the approach requires construction of a chart, where dependency of the tasks is assessed (Sikora & Hattan 2009). The tasks need to be followed in a specific order, one after the other, and two tasks having the same modality need to be performed in series. Step 4 involves assigning the task time and these estimates should be accurate, unbiased and consistent (Thornley 2003). For example, retrieving the mobile can take five, six seconds on average, whereas talking can take long, depending on the duration of the conversati on. Pressing the buttons can take up to half a second each, whereas reading and looking at the screen can consume two to three seconds each. Then forward pass time needs to be calculated by adding up the individual times of each task, and, assuming a one minute long conversation, it becomes 73 seconds. Then backward pass is calculated. The last step is the calculation of the critical path, which is done by identifying the nodes which have zero difference between Earliest Start Time and Latest Finish Time. The model will provide a comprehensive procedure to make adjustments for variations in user performances. The arrangement of elements can be evaluated by a cognitive model and the design can be adjusted to outcomes of the

Report 501 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Report 501 - Research Paper Example One of the widely used resource centre for efficient information service management is the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). To be precise, hundreds of organizations all around the globe are encouraged to adhere to the practices outlined in the ITIL. In essence, different groups of stakeholders comprehend that to achieve top most success in information service management, then, it is essential that the key basics of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library are put into close consideration. The library offers the best platform for ensuring that an organization can efficiently achieve its set out operational goals. It further paves way for our organization to execute the right set of procedures towards creation of a successful and innovative business environment for the future (Mar 2013, 1). To be exact, the implementation of the ITIL in an organization is seriously a key subject not only in promoting our company’s competitive advantage but also in t he achievement of all our set out business goals. On this regard, this paper aims at delivering a well-designed report on the subject matter of issues related to the implementation of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library. In simple terms, the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) entails a comprehensive and well-designed set of information technology documents that define the finest practices and techniques to be applied in an information technology environment. That is, it contains a high quality set of guidelines that are widely used in the day-to-day operations of both public and private companies (Chen 2010, 5). This is by providing them with an advanced blueprint necessary for the organization and management of the operations of an information technology company. The Information Technology Infrastructure library has aided many companies in promoting their global competitive advantage and be

Should Courts Lift the Corporate Veil?

Should Courts Lift the Corporate Veil? The doctrine laid down in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd has to be watched very carefully. It has often been supposed to cast a veil over the personality of a limited company through which the courts cannot see. But that is not true. The courts can and often do draw aside the veil. They can and often do pull off the mask. They look to see what really lies behind. The legislature has shown the way with group accounts and the rest. And the courts should follow suit. I think that we should look at the Fork company and see it as it really is the wholly owned subsidiary of the tax payers. It is the creature, the puppet of the taxpayers in point of fact, and it should be so regarded in point of law. Per Lord Denning MR, Littlewoods Mail Order Stores Ltd v I.R.C. [1969] 3 All ER 855 1.0  Introduction This dissertation will discuss the principles of limited liability and corporate personality and the courts’ reluctance to disregard the corporate veil the principle called â€Å"piercing the Corporate Veil†. We shall consider the circumstances in which the Courts have been able to pierce the veil of incorporation and the reasons as to why they have in most cases upheld the decision in Solomon v Solomon & Co[1]. All companies in the United Kingdom have to be registered and incorporated under the Companies Act which governs the principle of limited liability hence giving the owners or shareholders a curtain against liability from creditors in the case of the company falling into financial troubles. This curtain so created gives the company a separate legal personality so that it can sue and be sued in its own right and the only loss to the owners or shareholders is the number of shares held in the company on liquidation with no effect on their personal assets. This distinct separation between the owners or shareholders and the limited company is the concept referred to as the ‘veil of incorporation’ or ‘corporate veil’. In conclusion, it shall be argued that the courts should lift or pierce the corporate veil to a significantly greater extent so as to hold erring shareholders or directors of a corporation liable for the debts or liabilities of the corporation despite the general principle of limited liability were the corporation has insufficient assets to off-set the creditor liabilities. 2.0  Limited liability and Corporate Personality The principles of limited liability and corporate personality are the cornerstone of the United Kingdom company law since the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, its consolidation in 1856[2] and the introduction of the Limited Liability Act 1855. These two principles have been so guarded by the courts as being fundamental to today’s company law by upholding the separate legal personality of a corporate entity. However, whilst the original intention of the legislation was to help companies raise capital through the issue of shares without exposing the shareholders to risk beyond the shares held, the present attraction to incorporating a company is the advantage of shielding behind the curtain of limited liability which could be abused by some businessmen. 2.1  Companies Act 2006 Article 3 (1) provides that a company is a â€Å"limited company† if the liability of its members is limited by its constitution. Article 7 (2) provides that a company may not be so formed for an unlawful purpose. Article 16 (2) The subscribers to the memorandum, together with such other persons as may from time to time become members of the company, are a body corporate by the name stated in the certificate of incorporation. (3) That body corporate is capable of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company. 2.2  Limited liability As stated above, the doctrine of limited liability was introduced by the Limited Liability Act 1855 as a means by which companies could raise capital by selling company shares without exposing the shareholders to unlimited liability.[3] The principle of limited liability shields the company owners, shareholders and directors or managers against personal liability in the event of the company winding up or becoming insolvent. In such an event the liability of its owners and shareholders is limited to the individual shareholding held as provided for by the Companies Act 2006 and the Insolvency Act 1986[4]. This means that the members of a company do not have to contribute their personal assets to the company assets to meet the obligations of the company to its creditors on its liquidation but have to contribute the full nominal value of the shares held by individual shareholders. It should be noted here that such limited liability does not shield the limited company from liability until all its debts or assets are exhausted. This principle has so been held since the House of Lords ruling in the Solomon case[5] in which the Lords where of the view that the motives behind the formation of a corporation was irrelevant in determining its rights and liabilities as long as all the requirements of registration are complied with and the company is not formed for an unlawful purpose[6]. Much as a limited company has a separate legal personality, its decisions are made by directors and managers who should use the powers conferred unto them by the company board of directors and the memorandum and articles of association[7], and any abuse will entail personal liability by the officer concerned. Limited liability encompasses both the small enterprise including one-man companies[8] and big companies hence limiting the liabilities to company assets and not to any other personal assets.[9] This view has been endorsed in recent times through numerous cases as evidenced in a one-man company, Lee’s Air Farming. Lee was the majority shareholder and director in the company in which he was also the employee. He was killed on duty in an air accident and the court held that Lee and the company were two separate entities and hence entitled to compensation.[10] The courts will only in exceptional circumstances such as abuse, fraud or where the company was used as an agent of its owner disregard the doctrine of limited liability and hold members, shareholders or directors personally liable for the debts and other company obligations to the creditors in what has been termed the piercing or lifting of the veil of incorporation. However, there are several statutory laws which allow for the principle of limited liability to be ignored in such situations as in the reporting of financial statements of group companies[11], corporate crime and insolvency[12] which we shall discuss below. 2.3  Corporate Personality A limited company is a legal person[13] with an existence which is separate and independent from its members as long as all the formalities of registration are adhered with in line with the Act. The corporate identity entails the company can sue and be sued in its own right without affecting its owners’ or shareholders’ rights. It is trite law that the only plaintiff to a wrong done to a company is prima facie company itself and not its shareholders[14] except in instances where there is a fraud against shareholders or the acts complained of are illegal. The company has been held as having an independent legal corporate personality since it was first held in the case of Solomon v A Solomon & Co Ltd[15]. To emphasise this point, Lord Macnaghten said that it seemed impossible â€Å"to dispute that once the company is legally incorporated it must be treated like any other independent person with its rights and liabilities appropriate to itself, and that the motives of those who took part in the promotion of the company are absolutely irrelevant in discussing what those rights and liabilities are.[16] In this case, Solomon registered his company into a limited company under the Companies Act[17] which required a minimum of seven (7) members for incorporation. Solomon became the major shareholder with his wife and children holding a share each but the company ran into financial problems leaving no assets for the unsecured creditors on liquidation. Whilst the court of appeal held the company to be a ‘sham’ and an alias, trustee or nominee for Solomon and that the transaction was contrary to the true intent of the Companies Act[18] the House of Lords reversed this decision and held that the company had been validly registered as required by the Act and hence had a separate legal personality from the shareholders. In arriving at this decision, Lord Macnaghten said that, â€Å"The company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Nor are the subscribers, as members liable, in any shape or form, except to the extent and in the manner provided by the Act.† This decision shows that the House of Lords identified that the important factor was the observance of the requirements and formalities of the Act which safeguarded the principles of limited liability and corporate personality.  To date, this is the correct interpretation of the Company’s Act and it is important that the principle in maintained in the advancement of commerce. It should be noted here that the principle of corporate personality does not affect the company creditors to a large extent as far as the recovery of the debts is concerned. Following the decision in the Solomon case, Professor Gower has described a limited company as being ‘opaque and impassable’[19], whilst on the other hand it was described as ‘calamitous’[20]. Some commentators suggest that courts have been more inclined to the maintenance of the sanctity of the separate legal integrity of a company and have resisted the common law resolution of â€Å"peering under the skirts of a company to examine its linen (dirty or otherwise)†[21] as can be observed from the numerous cases since the Solomon case. The foregoing shows the importance to commerce of the incorporation of a company as it allows for continuity of the business transactions despite any changes in the owners, administrators, directors or shareholders of the company. However, common law has in some exceptional instances ignored this principle in stances of abuse or fraudulent use of a sham corporate structure. The courts have ignored the corporate sham structure and peer behind the veil to identify the â€Å"directing mind and will† that control the company and such intervention being termed as lifting the veil, cloak[22] or mask[23]. Whilst the courts have at times pierced the veil to benefit creditors when a company is placed under liquidation, there has been reluctance by the same courts to pierce the veil in instances which could have favourable results for shareholders.[24] 3.0  One-man Limited Companies The Council Directive 89/667[25] provides for the formation of one-man private companies hence moving away from the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 requirements. This Directive highlights the advancement in commerce and as can be indentified from the Solomon case, Mr Solomon was the owner of the company and only registered the other six shares for his wife and children to fulfil the requirements of the Act. The company owner in these one-man corporations would in most instances also be the director in which case some unscrupulous individuals could escape liability for their own misconduct by holding assets in the name of the corporation. The courts are prepared to pierce the corporate veil in a one man company so as to be enabled to treat assets of the company as â€Å"property held by the defendants† were the company is held to be an alter ego of the owner.[26] However, the courts have shown that they are not prepared to pierce the corporate veil even in one-man limited companies as long as they are properly registered as required by the Act. In the case lee v Lee’s  Air Farming[27] mentioned above, Mr Lee incorporated Lee’s Farming Limited and was the director and controlling officer as an employee of the company. On his death in an air crush whilst on duty and the family claimed workers’ compensation. The court held that the company and Mr Lee were distinct and separate entities and hence Mr Lee was a worker in his own company. Hence we see here the court’s upholding of the principle set down by the rule in Solomon v Solomon[28] which has remained controversial[29] with changing commercial activity and globalisation. The courts have been more willing to pierce the veil in one-man companies were the owner of the company is usually the controlling officer and does not deal with the company at arm’s length. In the case of Wallersteiner v Moir[30], Lord Denning held that the subsidiaries were controlled by Dr Wallersteiner making them â€Å"puppets† which â€Å"danced to his bidding†. Lord Denning is pointing out here that whilst the subsidiaries appeared to have a separate personality, they were in reality his agents or sham companies with no existence of their own and hence warranted the piercing of the veil. This principle of corporate personality as established in the Salomon case has been extended to groups companies which we shall look at below. 4.0  Group Companies Group companies comprise of the parent company with its subsidiaries carrying on their businesses not as a common enterprise or â€Å"single economic unit†[31], though portraying it as such to the outside world. The principle of limited liability applies to the subsidiary companies so formed as they are registered companies under the Act and as such each has a separate legal personality to the parent company and hence can sue and be sued in their own right. The advantage of this arrangement to the group is that it limits liability to each subsidiary company in the group whilst sharing the group profits for the benefit of the group structure. Such group structures can lead to the parent company forming subsidiary companies to run its risky part of the business and hence insulating itself from liability in the event of the subsidiary company failing to meet its obligations to the creditors.[32] The effect of corporate personality in group companies is that each entity is legally independent and separate from other subsidiaries and the parent, hence each entity being liable for its own debts,[33] which affirms the Solomon principle. Lord Justice Slade said: â€Å"Our law, for better or worse, recognises the creation of subsidiary companies, which though in one sense the creatures of their parent companies, will nevertheless under the general law fall to be treated as separate legal entities with all the rights and liabilities which would normally attach to separate legal entities†.[34] This is still the law and an affirmation of the principle in the Solomon case. In the case of Ord & Another v Belhaven Pubs Ltd,[35] the proprietors of a company which was in the business of acquiring old pub premises, doing them up and then letting them to tenants, duly let a renovated pub building to Ord. There had been misrepresentations made by the company as to the potential profitability of the premises which only came to light some time later. By the time Belhaven Pubs Ltd had ceased trading and could not meet its debts. Ord sought leave to substitute the parent company. The Court of Appeal held that the defendant company which had granted the lease was legitimate and had not been a mere faà §ade for the holding company and hence could not be substituted. This basic principle of separate legal identity has been re-affirmed more recently in the Court of Appeal decision in Adams v Cape Industries PLC[36]. In this case, the defendant company was a member of a corporate group with a UK parent company. The employees in its US subsidiaries were injured by inhaling asbestos dust and had successfully sued the subsidiaries in US courts. They applied to enforce judgement against the parent company arguing that Cape had been present in the USA through its subsidiaries as they formed a â€Å"single economic unit†. The Court declined to pierce the corporate veil and held that the â€Å"fundamental principle is that each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity possessed of separate legal rights and liabilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The principle in the case of Salomon was upheld on the basis that the subsidiary companies had been legitimately formed and hence were separate legal entities distinct from the parent company. 5.1  The Directing Mind A registered company is a separate and distinct legal entity, a body corporate[37] possessing rights and made subject to duties being able to sue and be sued in its own right. In the case of Lennard’s Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co. Ltd[38], the court held that, â€Å"a corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who for some purposes may be called an agent, but who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation†¦..† So we see here that the courts are willing to look behind the corporate veil as a matter of law so as to establish the directing officer behind the decisions and actions taken by the company. The directing mind of a corporation is the senior person whose authority is derived from the companys board of directors to perform the functions of the company as directed and for the benefit of the company.[39] In the course of business, such senior persons would then delegate their authority to other employees for the efficient running of the company in which case such employees’ actions or inactions would be considered as those of the â€Å"directing mind†. Lord Reid further went on to define the â€Å"directing mind and will† of the company as the person who acts for the company as he acts as â€Å"the company and his mind which directs his acts is the mind of the company.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. He is not acting as a servant, representative, agent or delegate. He is an embodiment of the company or, one could say, he hears and speaks through the persona of the company, within his appropriate sphere, and his mind is the mind of the company. If it is a guilty mind then that guilt is the guilt of the company.†[40] Therefore, this would mean that the â€Å"directing mind and will† of the company is any employee who performs certain functions for the corporation as long as he has the authority to do so and does not act outside his mandate in which case he will be held personally liable[41]. In Williams and another v. Natural life health foods ltd and mistlin,[42] the case of a small one-person company, Sir Patrick Russell in his dissenting judgment pointed out that â€Å"the managing director will almost inevitably be the one possessed of qualities essential to the functioning of the company†, but that in itself does not mean that the director is willing to be personally liable to the companys customers. Therefore to convict a company, the court will go behind the status of the separate legal entity distinction so as to establish the â€Å"directing mind and will† of the company controlling its activities[43]. However, it has been identified that the principle of limited liability can be subject to abuse and in the circumstances were there is statute will not provide justice or equity, the courts have in such exceptional circumstances disregarded the principle and held the shareholders or directors accountable for their decisions in the running of the company. The process in which the courts have disregarded the principle of limited liability is called â€Å"piercing the corporate veil† which is the main discussion of this document. 5.2  Tortious Liability The company is vicariously liable for any torts committed by its employees or agents whilst acting in the course of the official duties and ‘shall not be called into question on the ground of lack of capacity’[44] whilst the employee or agent remains the primary tortfeasor[45]. It is therefore clear that the â€Å"directing mind and will† can sometimes be personally liable for torts, for which the company is also liable, for their fraudulent acts though done on behalf of the company. 4.3  Criminal Liability The Barrow Borough Council case is thought to be the first prosecution of a local authority for corporate manslaughter. To convict a company of corporate manslaughter, the prosecution must prove the companys conduct, which led to the deaths, was the conduct of a senior person in the company—the directing mind (also often referred to as the controlling mind). In practical terms, this means that for a company to be guilty of corporate manslaughter a senior person (normally a director) also has to be guilty of manslaughter. The difficulty with these cases, particularly against larger companies with layers of management, is proving a causal link between the conduct (or lack of it) of the directing mind and the incident that caused death. 6.0  The Corporate Veil The corporate veil is the curtain that legally separates the company from its shareholders hence holding the company as having a separate legal personality and limited liability. In curtailing any abuses of limited liability and the protection of creditors to both small and group companies, the courts have in certain instances, though reluctantly, looked behind the corporate veil to establish the true intent of the controlling officers of the company. The courts have in the rare circumstances ignored the corporate form and looked at the business realities of the situation so as to prevent the deliberate evasion of contractual obligations, to prevent fraud or other criminal activities and in the interest of public policy and morality. Piercing the corporate veil has not been complicated in one-man companies were the owner is usually the director and hence the controlling officer as compared to group companies which have a layered structure. The controlling officer[46] will be held liable and asked to account for his actions so that the company can fulfil its financial obligations to its creditors in the event of company insolvency. In the case of Royal Brunei Airlines v Tan[47] made clear. 6.1  Lifting the Corporate Veil The corporate veil is a curtain that shields company shareholders and directors from personal liability by the principle of limited liability in the event of the company being insolvent and unable to fulfil its obligations. The lifting of the corporate veil concept describes a legal decision where the limited company shareholders or directors are held liable for the debts or other liabilities of the corporation contrary to the principle of limited liability. Whilst there is strict liability legislation to prosecute erring limited companies for statutory offences but were there is insufficient statutory protection, the common law remedy of piercing of the corporate veil is imposed by the courts so as to put liability on the controlling officer (directing mind) of the corporation. However, the courts have been reluctant to rebut the principle of limited liability and only in exceptional circumstances have they been willing to pierce the corporate veil to establish the true facts. In this way, certain individuals or parent-companies responsible for the company’s actions are held liable so at to account for their decisions as shareholders or directors. Generally, the UK corporate law holds that the shareholders, directors or parent-companies are not liable for corporate obligations of the companies or subsidiaries they control hence maintaining the principles of limited liability and separate legal corporate personality. The principles of separate legal personality and limited liability have been long recognised in English law[48] and that the shareholders or directors are not liable for the debts of the company as long as it is properly administered.[49] However, in exceptional circumstances[50], the courts have been prepared to look behind the company and establish the actions or inactions of the directors and shareholders using the process known as â€Å"piercing the corporate veil†. Piercing the corporate veil is the process whereby the court ignores the principle of corporate personality and holds the shareholders or directors liable for their actions so that they meet the company obligations in their personal capacities.  The courts will pierce or the â€Å"veil† were the corporate structure has been used as an instrument of fraud or to circumvert the law.[51] It has been argued that whilst the courts have used the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil though reluctantly, it is still not well understood leading to uncertainties in the legal process.[52] Some commentators have argued that the exceptional circumstances in which the courts have justified the piercing of the corporate veil is uncertain as evidenced by the number of contradictory decisions by the courts.[53]  Goulding[54] further argues that ‘it is not possible to distil any single principle from the decided cases as to when the courts will lift the veil’ due to the diversity of the cases, though they are more willing in cases of extreme abuse.[55] In the leading case on this subject, Solomon v Solomon[56] discussed above, the House of Lords maintained that â€Å"individuals could organise their affairs as they wanted and that if they chose to do so via incorporation they were entitled to the protection of limited liability as long as the incorporation was in accordance with the formal rules of the relevant legislation†. Though it is English trite law that the incorporation of a company protects the members from company liability by the principle of limited liability, there are both statutory and common law exceptions to the principle in cases of abuse of the corporate structure. 7.0  Statutory Exceptions Gower and Davies[57] argue that the courts are willing to lift the veil were statutory wording of a particular statute[58] is explicit as Parliament intended. The courts have resisted the temptation to pierce the veil because they consider it just to do so[59] though they are more willing in exceptional circumstances or were they feel that the shareholders or directors are concealing the true facts[60]. However, the courts have been reluctant to lift the veil were the statute does not specifically provide for it. There are various Acts which specifically provide for the lifting of the corporate veil and as such are strict and have to be followed. Following are a few examples of both civil and criminal liability imposed on limited companies. Companies Act 2006 sections 398 and 399 Group of companies Although each company is a separate legal person, section 399 (2) requires that the parent company prepares group accounts at the end of the financial year so as to â€Å"give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss†. This Act looks at the group of companies as a ‘single economic entity’ and in effect lifting the corporate veil which goes against the principles of corporate personality and limited liability.

The Murders In The Rue Morgue Essay -- essays research papers fc

In Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue†, a crucial statement is declared about how he views the inner workings of men, as well as how men interact with women in society. The narrative is based around the horrific murder of two defenseless women, which seems to have been committed by a mystery â€Å"beast†. Poe demonstrates the primitive violent forces that exist within people, particularly men, which have the ability to escape in shocking ways, often against a woman. Poe uses violence as a negative, inhumane act, in order to reinforce the innate brutal impulses that are just under the surface of all male beings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poe describes where the â€Å"Ourang-Outang† was originally taken from, with intent to embody the primitive undeveloped qualities in man. After being taken from an Indian Archipelago, Borneo, the Ourang-Outang is brought back to Paris, where he begins to obtain human characteristics simply by watching his master and learning through imitation. An example of this would be when the sailor comes back to his room and finds the Ourang-Outang â€Å"Razor in hand, and fully lathered, [it was] sitting before the looking-glass, attempting the operation of shaving, in which it had no doubt previously watched its master though the key-hole of the closet.†(Poe 120) When the beast becomes terrified, and escapes with the razor still in his hand, he is depicting the idea of a man’s inner â€Å"beast† getting loose when he fears a situation. During the scene when the Ourang-Outang â€Å"was flourishing the razor about her [Madame L’Espanayeâ₠¬â„¢s] face, imitating the motions of a barber†(121), the beast is thinking just like a human man. He is even using a human tool in order to commit these atrocious murders, which is indicative of Poe’s notion that all men are capable of performing horrible deeds at a time when their animalistic impulses take over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a stark contrast presented between civilized behavior and the primitive behavior that these slaughters suggest. The murders are so horrid and revolting that it does not seem conceivable that a human would have the ability to do the things that were done. Some of the evidence collected from the murder site included, â€Å" two or three long and thin tresses of gray human hair that seemed to have been pulled out by the roots.† (99) Likewise, â€Å"the body [of the old lady], as... ...e power. In society, it is the cerebral beings that are looked at strangely by others, which is declared by Poe when he says, â€Å"had the routine of our life at this place been known to the world, we should have been regarded as madmen-although, perhaps, as madmen of a harmless nature.† (95) Here he is desperately trying to show the immense divergence in the inner workings of a man’s mind, which he does quite well with the Ourang-Outang representing man, as well as having Dupin, a genius, solving the crime committed. Dupin is the epitome of civilization, while in direct contrast is the beast, whom is completely barbaric and uncivilized. Throughout the tale, Poe is able to show how all men have animalistic impulses deep down, while demonstrating how these rages are often taken out on defenseless women. He then goes on to show the contrast between man as civilized and logical, against man as uncultured and thoughtless. Poe demonstrates how either type of man can exist, yet poses the question of whether it is possible for both characteristics to be exhibited simultaneously in a single man. Works Cited 1. Poe, Edgar Allan. Selected Tales. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1998.

Whitings Model

The motor skill example I am going to explain for each model is catching a ball in netball; there are 8 elements to Whiting’s model. The first element is the input data from display, the process which occurs in this element the player notices the display which is the environment and surroundings. The netball player would notice the ball, his teammates, opponents and spectators. This information will stimulate the sensory systems. The next element is the sense organs; the senses of vision, auditory and proprioception are used to gather information so the player is aware of what is happening around them.The player would visually see the ball and the direction of the ball, also the sense of hearing which is auditory would be used as the player would be hearing teammates talking and the coach giving instructions. The proprioceptors would be used such as touch, kinaesthetic and equilibrium to stimulate sensory receptors. The equilibrium would tell the performer whether he is balanc ed or in the right stance to be able to receive a catch. The next element is perceptual mechanisms; the information received by the sensory receptors is interpreted by making sense of the stimuli which is received.There is 3 concepts to this, firstly the detection phase where the brain identifies the stimulus present, then comparison phase which is once the stimulus is identifies, it is then compared to a similar stimuli that is stored in the schema. Lastly the recognition phase matches the stimulus to one which is stored in the memory and identified. The netball played would firstly interpret the speed of the ball and the trajectory of the ball coming to the player. Next in the translator mechanisms element, the information has been identified and interpreted so that the correct response can be put into action through the form of a motor programme.This is also the decision making phase as the movement identified leads to an action being chosen and being put in the correct order and where they will take place. The player would decide what position and stance to get into and the order of where these movements will take place. The next element is the effector mechanism where the motor programme is put into action by sending impulses via the nervous system to the muscles appropriate to the movement so the correct action can take place. The impulses would be sent to the player’s bicep and tricep brachii which would contract to get into the correct position to catch the ball.The perceptual, translator and effector mechanisms are all body boundary processes. The muscular system element is when the muscles which receive the impulses correspond and make the movements in the correct order of action. The example is the same for the effector mechanism where the impulse to the tricep and bicep brachii contract leading to the movement taking place. The output data is the end product itself so the netball player makes the catch or could drop the catch this then leads to the display changing and creates new information which is feedback after the motor programmes have taken place.Lastly the feedback data is received from intrinsic feedback which is internal sources such as proprioceptors which use the kinesthesis of the movement about whether it feels good. The other type is extrinsic feedback which is external sources such as teachers or coaches telling the player which are received by the auditory and visual systems, an example would be whether the catch felt good if the proprioceptors have a good feel for the movement.

Get Into Engineering Schools Like MIT, Caltech, CMU, or RPI With the SAT

Get Into Engineering Schools Like MIT, Caltech, CMU, or RPI With the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Engineering schools don't look for the same things on a college application that the average school does. I would know because I have an engineering background and spent substantial time studying the process of getting into Caltech and MIT, and then I did it. Here, I reveal how they're different. Strong in SAT Math You have to, have to, be strong in math to get into engineering schools. That means that on your SAT, your SAT math section matters the most by far. 800 is ideal, but try to get at least 700 to have a decent shot at admission to top engineering schools. Consider the following: Tim has an 800 in Math and a 550 in Reading. John has a 700 in Math and a 700 in Writing. At a top liberal arts college like Brown, John is the better scorer by far: he has a higher total score, and his score is more well-rounded. But at MIT, it is reversed: Tim has the better shot by far. The difference between a 700 and 800 is quite substantial in the Math section. MIT literally admits the top 0.1% or better of engineering students. Math is the fundamental building block of all engineering. A 700 only puts you in the top 8% of students not impressive at all by comparison. In summary, on the SAT I, you should be getting close to an 800 in the Math section. If you are close to an 800, and feel that you are mainly missing test strategy, then you have a great shot, and ought to prep for math so you can get closer to an 800. If you feel like you are missing fundamental math skills and are far from an 800, then you should look at different engineering schools that are closer to your score range. Show Off Even More Math To be honest, while an 800 in Math on the SAT I is great, for a school like MIT, it's not an automatic shoo-in (some things are; I'll talk about them below). That's because the SAT has a ceiling in math difficulty (usually below Calculus). Thus, if you know everything pre-Calculus by heart, you can get an 800. Students who are good at math want to show off even more skill. This is where the SAT Math IIC comes in the content is more advanced, and you want to do well here too. Finally, take AP math courses whenever possible, and the most difficult ones, to showcase your skills. Did I Mention Math? At this point you might think I'm getting ridiculous, but I'm not. The point to drive home is that they really care about math. In particular, there are a few things you can do that will almost guarantee* you admissions to places even as hallowed as MIT and Caltech: - Score well on a specific math competition. Scoring high on the AIME often guarantees admission. - Score really, really well on any science/math competition. If you're the world winner of the International Biology Olympiad, your chances oif admission are very good. The analogues of this competition in Informatics, Chemistry, Math, and Physics are all great ways to endure your admission. - Go to a prestigious science/math camp like RSI. Note carefully the names I put in above, like "AIME" and "RSI"; they are important. They are especially well-known by top colleges and you should try for those specific programs. Close relatives of the above brands are not the same. (I am not invested in any of the above competitions, for full disclosure.) What Doesn't Matter? Most other items that you associate with standard liberal arts colleges don't matter as much. Orchestra? Debate? Top writer? For engineering schools, these are like flowers outside a restaurant: nice in an ideal candidate, but not what they came for. * All these great schools have admissions rates of around 10% or less. Anything north of 50% is a guarantee in my book with respect to college admissions. As long as you aren'ta total slacker or psycho and don't drop the ball, you'll get in. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dr. Fred Zhang About the Author Fred is co-founder of PrepScholar. He scored a perfect score on the SAT and is passionate about sharing information with aspiring students. Fred graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's in Mathematics and a PhD in Economics. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Atticus Finch- Character Analysis essays

Atticus Finch- Character Analysis essays Atticus Finch is the father of two children. His character can best be summed up as a man whose character is nearly the complete opposite of the general population of the town. He is a man without prejudice and racial hatred and is a good-hearted man of strong morals. He brings up his children the way he sees right. Atticus sees past a mans color and looks into the depth of his character. In the beginning of the novel, on page 30, he tells Scout You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view...until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. This shows that Atticus is a man of strong morals and principles and a man who will stand up for what he believes is right. When asked by his children why he chose to defend Tom Robinson when he knew he would most likely not win he replied to them that is he hadnt, he wouldnt be able to believe in himself anymore. He chose to defend Tom Robinson because to choose not to would be going against all his personal morals and principles. Due to these strong morals and principles, he is greatly respected by those in Maycomb. Jem and Scout, especially, are disappointed that Atticus doesnt seem to do anything the other men in the town do. He doesnt drink, he doesnt smoke and he doesnt play sports. Yet when a rabid dog enters the street and is likely to threaten the townspeople, Atticus is called upon to deal with it. Here we learn along with the children that Atticus is known as One Shot Finch for his remarkable ability with the rifle to hit nearly any target in the first shot. Atticus proved himself to be a good lawyer. Atticus was extremely good at cross-examining witnesses. He had what could almost be called a sixth sense when it involved judging a persons character and deciding whether or not that person is lying. During Tom Robinsons trial, Atticu ...

Power Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power - Term Paper Example Individual viewMany people view power from a negative perspective while very few individuals view power from a positive perspective. According to Elizabeth Laneway, she claims that we are put off by power because we embrace fear and we think that we do not have the capacity to work with responsibilities associated with power. The famous phrase about power by Lord Action that, power corrupts but absolute power corrupts absolutely has made many individuals to view power as a practice associated with social ills to the community. The fear enacted from power makes many people to remain isolated making thing they can change that are within their capacity to remain unchanged. This is because we fear responsibilities that are associated with power and hence give a chance to other people to make decisions rather that getting involved with that power so as to solve problem surrounding us.Power is a commodity that is dormant in each and every individual until one decides to exploit the potenti al and put it into action. Every individual has got the capacity to assimilate others hence effecting changes in communities hence providing long term solutions to community problems.Philosophers and theologians view Philosophers and theologians have a different view about power. They have intensified their research in trying to determine the concept of power and trying to bring out the real explanation pertaining power. They consider power to be a neutral term being neither good nor bad until it is applied to human acts.

Accounting For the Success of the IPO Market Essay

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