NAFTA Gainers and Losers Free Essays

Economic cooperation has been a trend in neighboring countries to promote a free-trade zone for the benefit of its constituent countries. The largest of such, the North American Free Trade Agreement, was found in 1994 by the three North American countries. The members of NAFTA are the US, Canada and Mexico which includes a total of 416 million people and a GDP totaling to $12 trillion (Pohlmann, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on NAFTA: Gainers and Losers or any similar topic only for you Order Now NAFTA aimed to totally remove trade barriers between the members for 15 years, which is scheduled to be in 2009. It also reduces the non-tariff trade barriers like sanitary regulations significantly. Although NAFTA major advantages, many are against it. Most of them are in the non-economic areas, and following are examples: US labor unions, environmentalists and Mexican farmers. They believe that NAFTA has unfavorable effects on them. Not all Mexicans are against it, in fact some of them had high hopes that the implementation of this contract would help boost their economy (Pohlmann, 2006). The NAFTA issue is debated in the Congress, with three major subjects: employment, environment and immigration from Mexico to the US. Tariffs had been an important factor in NAFTA for tariffs are taxes on imports and it usually makes imported products more expensive in order top benefit local products. NAFTA participants agreed to cut down the tariffs by 50% and they also agreed to reduce tariffs to 0 in the succeeding fifteen years. Economists clearly saw the benefits NAFTA could have with all its participants. They based their reasoning with the principle of comparative advantage wherein their country would be more organized in creating their goods. Thus each country would produce the goods wherein they are more efficient in producing and they would trade those goods with the goods of other country (which they are very good in producing in their own). However, there are those who contested the free trade contract believing that it would have certain effect on employment as well as on income. There are those who argue that there would be a great deal of unemployment because of rivalry in Mexico. They argued that since wages are much lower in Mexico as compared to United States, then businessmen would start moving their businesses in Mexico. However, there are those who argue that the reason behind higher wages in US lies on the fact that worker efficiency is greater in US as compared to Mexico. NAFTA proved to have great consequence in terms of employment in US. According to a study conducted by the US International Trade Commission (ITI), the US government could gain moderately from a free trade agreement with Mexico. A historical study also showed that NAFTA could produce about 134, 000 jobs in the US. However, a simple method of study conducted by Baldwin and Kahane showed the effects NAFTA could have in terms of employment. The particular study had been conducted in order to see which division would have employment gains and which would undergo job losses. A tabular data had been used in order to create two variables, that of â€Å"gainers† and that of â€Å"losers†. Among the gainers are electrical and non-electrical machinery alike as well as rubber chemicals. However, on the side of the losers we have textiles, glass, leather products and the like. It is important to distinguish gainers from losers and thus an explanation is provided in the quotation be low. The term GAINERS is associated to the number of employees in areas that were projected to have job gains, while the term LOSERS is related to job losses (Kahane, 1996). Thus, the effect of NAFTA allowed a rise in trade in both Canada and Mexico. There is also no clear evidence that US indeed lose jobs because of Mexico. And all in all it showed that there are industries which gained because of the NAFTA agreement while there are also those industries that had had their share of losses as had been mentioned in this paper. Reference: Kahane, L. (1996). Congressional voting patterns on NAFTA: an empirical analysis – North American Free Trade Agreement [Electronic Version]. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Retrieved June 4, 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0254/is_n4_v55/ai_18910967. Pohlmann, D. (2006). The Economic Impact of NAFTA on Mexico [Electronic Version]. Scholarly Publishing House. Retrieved June 4, 2007 from http://www.grin.com/en/preview/67522.html. Rosson, P., Runge, F., Moulton, K. S. Preferential Trading Arrangements: Gainers and Losers from Regional Trading Blocs [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 4, 2007 from http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/agecon/trade/eight.html.       How to cite NAFTA: Gainers and Losers, Essay examples

Mass Songs Essay Sample free essay sample

GLORY AND PRAISE TO OUR GODGLORY AND PRAISE TO OUR GOD.WHO ALONE GIVES LIGHT TO OUR DAYS.Many ARE THE BLESSINS HE BEARS.TO THOSE WHO TRUST IN HIS WAYS. We the girls and boies of HimWho built the vales and fields.Praise and wonders our God has done.In every bosom that sings. In His wisdom He strengthens usLike gold that’s tested in fireThough the power of wickedness prevailsOur God is at that place to salvage Let HEAVEN REJOICELet HEAVEN REJOICE AND EARTH BE GLAD.Let ALL CREATION SING.Let CHILDREN PROCLAIM TO EVERY Land:â€Å"HOSANNA TO OUR KING. † Sound the cornet into the darkThe twenty-four hours of the Lord is nearWake His people. raise your voiceProclaim it to the universe Rise in luster. agitate off your slumberPut on your robes of joyAnd in the forenoon. you shall seeThe glorification of the Lord THE LOVE OF GOD WILL RISE BEFORE THE SUNI KNOW Nothing OF TOMORROWEXCEPT THE LOVE OF GOD WILL RISE BEFORE THE SUNTHE LOVE OF GOD WILL RISE BEFORE THE SUN States shake and earth may quiverAnd storm clouds tend to garnerTrouble seems as deep and black as darkSunglassess of somberness and menaces of day of reckoning I see but I would instead Watch the darkness slice in morning’s visible radiation PAG-AALALABAYAN. MULING MAGTIPON.AWITAN ANG PANGINOON.SA PIGING SARIWAINPAGLILIGTAS N’YA SA ATIN Bayan ating alalahaninPanahong tayo’y inalipinNang ngalan N’ya’y ating sambitinPaanong di tayo lingapin?Bayan walang sawang purihinAng Poon nating mahabaginBayan. isayaw Air National Guard damdaminKandili N’ya’y ating awitin.Sa piging sariwain. pagliligtas N’ya SA atin. PURIHIN ANG PANGINOONPURIHIN ANG PANGINOONUMAWIT NG KAGALAKANAT TUGTUGIN ANG GITARAAT ANG KAAYA-AYANG LIRAHIPAN NINYO ANG TRUMPETA Sa ating pagkabagabag.Sa D’yos tayo’y tumawagSa ating mga kaawaytayo ay Kanyang iniligtas Ang pasaning mabigat.SA ‘ting mga balikatPinagaan ng lubusanng Diyos sodium tagapagligtas LORD. I LIFT YOUR Name ON HIGHLord. I lift Your name on highLord. I love to sing Your congratulationssI’m so glad You’re in my lifeI’m so glad You came to salvage us You came from heaven to earthTo demo the mannerFrom the Earth to the crossMy debt to payFrom the cross to sculptFrom the grave to the skyLord. I lift Your name on high BAYAN. MAGSI-AWIT NA!Bayan magsi-awit sodium! Bayan pinagpala Ka!Dakilang biyayang pangako N’ya sumilay sodium( Refrain 2nd clip for male childs ) Bayan magsi-awit sodium! Bayanpinagpala Ka!Dakilang Gawain ng Diyos AmaKristo. sumilay sodium!Sinauna mong hangarinAng Taoist nga’y tubusinUpang s’ya ay makapilingMapag-irog na D’yos natin ( Ref – unison ) Sa aba n’yang pagkataoSa buhay N’ya sa mundoInihayag kanyang pusoTinig ng Ama nating Diyos ( Ref – 2 voices )Pananatili n’yang tunaySpiritong ating gabayKahulugan at pag-asaPagmamahal at biyaya AS THE DEERAs the cervid panteth for the H2O.So my psyche longeth after theeYou entirely are my heart’s desire.And I long to idolize thee You entirely are my strength. my shieldTo you entirely may my spirit outputYou entirely are my heart’s desire.And I long to idolize thee BUKSAN ANG AMING PUSOBuksan ang aming puso. Turuan Mong mag-alabSa bawat pagkukuro. Lahat ay makayakap.Buksan ang aming isip. Sikatan ng liwanag.Nang kusang matangkilik. tungkulin mabanaag.Buksan ang aming palad. sarili’y maialay.Tulutan Mong ihanap. kami ng bagong Malay. Sing A NEW SongRefrain:Singing a new vocal unto the Lord. Let your vocal be sung from mountains high Singing a new vocal unto the Lord. Singing alleluia. 1. Yahweh’s people dance for joy. oh semen before the Lord.And play for Him on sword lily tambourines and allow your cornet sound. ( Repeat Refrain ) 2. Rise oh kids from your slumber. your Savior now has come. He has turned your sorrow to rejoice. and filled your psyche with vocal. ( Repeat Refrain ) 3. Glad my psyche for I have seen. the glorification of the LordThe huntsmans horns sound. the dead shall be raised. I know my Savior lives. ( Repeat Refrain ) TAKE AND RECEIVE Take and have. O Lord. my autonomy.Take all my will. my head. my memory.All things I hold. and all I own are ThineThine was the gift. to Thee I all resign. Make Thou direct and regulate all and sway.Make what Thou wilt bid and I obey.Merely Thy grace. Thy love on me bestow. These do me rich. all else will I predate. TUBIG NG BUHAY TUBIG NG BUHAY PAGLALAKBAYPATUNGO SA BAGONG BUHAY.O HESUKRISTO. AMINGGABAY. BASBASAN MO IANG AMING ALAY.BUKAL NG LIWANAG: NAGBIBIGAY ILAW SA MGA BULAGKAMI’Y LUMALAPIT SAIYONG BATISUPANG MAKAKITA TwoBUKAL NG PAG-IBIG: NAGBIBIGAY KULAY SA BUONG DAIGDIGKAMI’Y LUMALAPIT SA IYONG BATISUPANG MAGMAHAL ThreeBUKAL NG PAG-ASA: NAGBIBIGAY BUHAY SA NAGKASALAKAMI’Y LUMALAPIT SAIYONG BATIS UPANG MANGARAP PA ANG TANGING ALAY KO Presentation:Salamat SA Iyo. akingPanginoong HesusAko’y inibig Mo. at inangking lubos. Koro:Ang tanging alay KO SA ‘Yo. aking Ama.Ay buong buhay KO. puso at kaluluwa.Hindi makayanang makapagkaloob ;Mamahaling hiyas. ni gintong nilukob.Ang aking dalangin. O Diyos. ay tanggapin.Ang tanging alay KO. nawa ay gamitin.Ito lamang Ama. wala nangiba pa. akong hinihiling. Verse 2:Di KO akalain. na ako ay binigyang-pansin.Ang taong tulad ko’y di dapat mahalin. ( Koro ) Verse 3:Aking hinihintay. Air National Guard‘Yong pagbabalik. Hesus.Ang makapiling Mo’y kagalakang lubos. ( Koro ) PAGHAHANDOG NG SARILI Kunin Mo. O D’yos at tanggapin Mo ;Air National Guard aking kalayaan. Air National Guard aking kalooban.Isip at gunita KO. lahat ng hawak KO.Ang loob ko ay aking alay SA ‘Yo. Nagmula sa’Yo Air National Guard lahat ng ito.Muli kong handog sa’Yo patnubayan Mo’tPaghariang lahat ayon sa kalooban Mo.Mag-utos Ka. Panginoon KO. dagling tatalima ako.Ipagkaloob Mo lang ang pag-ibig Mo.At lahat ay tatalikdan KO. tatalikdan KO. NARITO AKO Koro:Panginoon. narito akoNaghihintay sa utos Mo.Lahat ng yaman KO. ay alay KO SA ‘YoIkaw ang tanging buhay KO. 1. Batid ko nga. at natanto.Sa kasu-latan ‘Yong turo.Pakikinggan at itatago.Sa sulok nanogram puso. ( KORO ) 2. ‘Yong pagligtas. ihahayag.Hanggang sa dulo ng dagat.Pagtulong Mo’t pusong dalisay.Aking ikakalat. ( KORO ) ONE MORE Gift Refrain:If there’s one more giftI’d ask of You. LordIt would be peacehere on Earth.Equally soft as Your children’s laughterAll around. all around. Verse 1:Your people have grown weary. from populating in confusionWhen will we recognize that neither Heaven is at peaceWhen we live non in peace. ( Refrain ) Verse 2:Allow me repose within.For the confusions around are mereContemplations of what’s within.what’s within me. ( Refrain ) End:All unit of ammunition. all around. LORD HERE I AM Lord here I am to reply your call. Lord here I am to function and love you I have left everything merely to follow youHere is my bosom. here is my head. Here is my psyche. here is my whole ego I am for You and You entirely ( Repeat all ) Give Thanks Give thanks with a thankful bosom. Give thanks to the Holy One. Give thanks because He’s given Jesus Christ. His Son ( 2x ) Chorus:And now. allow the weak say I am strong.Let the hapless say I am richbecause of what the Lord has done for us.And now. allow the weak say I am strong.Let the hapless say I am richbecause of what the Lord has done for us Finale: Give thanks. TANG I NG ALAY 1. Salamat sa iyo. aking Panginoong HesusAko’y inibig Mo. at inangking lubos Chorus:Ang tanging alay KO. Sa yo aking AmaAng buong buhay KO. puso’t kaluluwaHindi makayanang maipagkaloobMamahaling hiyas Ni gintong nilukobAng aking dalangin. O Diyos ay tanggapinAng tanging alay KO. nawa ay gamitinIto lamang Ama. wala nang iba dadAkong hinihiling 2. Di ko akalain ako’y iyong bigyang pansinAng taong tulad ko’y di dapat mahalin( Repeat Chorus ) 3. Aking hinihintay ang Yong pagbabalik HESUSAng makapiling ka’y kagalakang lubos( Repeat Chorus ) TANGING YAMANKoro:Ikaw ang aking tanging yaman na ‘di lubu- American ginseng masumpungan. Ang nilikha mong kariktan. sulyap nanogram ‘Yong kagandahan. 1. Ika’y hanap SA t’wina nitong pusong Ikaw lamang Air National Guard saya. Sa ganda nanogram umaga nangungulila SA ‘Yo sinta. ( koro ) 2. Ika’y hanap SA t’wina SA kapwa Ko kita dawdling nadarama. Sa iyong mga likha. hangad dad pealing masdan Air National Guard ‘Yong mukha. ( koro ) IN HIS Time In His clip. in His clip. He makes all things beautiful. in His clip. Lord. delight demo me mundane as You’re learning me Your manner. that You make merely what You say in Your clip . In Your clip. in Your clip. You make all things beautiful. in Your clip. Lord. my life to You I bring. May each vocal I have to sing be to You a lovely thing in Your clip. In MOMENTS LIKE THESE In minutes like these. I sing out a vocalI sing out a love vocal to JesusIn minutes like these. I lift up my custodiesI lift up my custodies to the Lord Singing. I love You Lord. Singing. I love You Lord Singing. I love You Lord. I love You YOU ARE MY HIDING PLACE You are my hiding topographic point. You ever make full my bosom with vocals of rescue. Whenever I am afraid. I will swear in You.I will swear in You! Let the weak say I am strong in the strength of the Lord. I will swear in You! ( REPEAT ALL ) ANIMA CHRISTI Soul of Christ. consecrate me. Body of Christ. salvage me.Water from the side of Christ. rinse me.Passion of Christ. give me strength. Hear me Jesus. conceal me in Thylesions that I may neer go forth Thy side.From all the immorality that surrounds me.support me. And when the call of deceasearrives. offer me come to Thee that I maycongratulations Thee with Thy saints everlastingly. Hear me Jesus. conceal me in Thylesions that I may neer go forth Thy side. From all the immorality that surrounds me. support me. And whenthe call of decease arrives. offer me come to Thee that I may praise Thee with Thy saints everlastingly. YOU ARE NEAR Refrain:Yahweh. I know you are close. standing ever at my side.You guard me from the enemy. and you lead me in ways everlasting. 1. Lord. you have searched my bosom and you know when I sit and when I stand. Your manus is upon me. protecting me from decease. maintaining me from injury. ( ref. ) 2. Where can I run from your love? If I fly to the celestial spheres You are at that place. If I fly to the dawn or canvas beyond the sea. still I find You at that place. ( ref. ) 3. You know my bosom and its ways. You who formed me before I was born. in thesecret of darkness before I saw the Sun. in my mother’s uterus. ( ref. ) HERE I AM LORD I. the Lord of sea and sky. I have heard my people cry.All who dwell in dark and wickedness. my manus will salvageI who made the stars of dark. I will do their darkness bright. Who will bear my visible radiation to them? Whom shall I direct? Chorus:Here I am. Lord. Is it I. Lord?I have heard You naming in the dark.I will travel Lord. if you lead me.I will keep Your people in my bosom. I. the Lord of snow and rain. I have borne my people’s hurting. I have wept for love of them. they turn off.I will interrupt. their Black Marias of rock. give them Black Marias for love entirely. I will talk my word to them. Whom shall I direct? I. the Lord of air current and fire.I will be given the hapless and lameI will put a banquet for them. my manus will salvage. Finest staff of life I will supply. till their Black Marias be satisfied. I will give my life to them. Whom shall I direct? GOD WILL MAKE A WAY God will do a manner. when there seems to be no manner.He works in ways we can non see. He will do a manner for me.He will be my usher. keep me closely to his side. With love and strength for each new twenty-four hours He will do a manner. He will do a manner. ( REPEAT ) By a roadway in the wilderness. He’ll lead me. Rivers in the desert will I see. Heaven and Earth will melt. But His Word will still stay. He will make something new today. God will do a manner. when there seems to be no manner.He works in ways we can non see. He will do a manner for me.He will be my usher. keep me closely to his side. With love and strength for each new He will do a manner. He will do a manner. Ending:With love and strength for each new dayHe will do a manner. He will do a manner. ONE BREAD. ONE Body Refrain:One staff of life. one organic structureOne Lord of all.One cup of blessing which we blessAnd we. though manyThroughout the EarthWe are one organic structure in this 1Gentile or Jew. retainer or freeWoman or adult male. no more ( REFRAIN ) Many the gifts. many the plantsOne in the Lord of all ( REFRAIN ) Grain for the Fieldss. scattered and grownGathered to one for all ( REFRAIN ) Spirit SongO let the Son of God enfold you with his Spirit like a doveHim make full your bosom and fulfill your psyche.O let him hold the things that hold you. with His Spirit like a dove Will fall upon your life and do you whole. Refrain:Jesus. O Jesus. semen and make full your lambs.Jesus. O Jesus. semen and make full your lambs. O semen and sing this vocal with gladfulness as your Black Marias are filled with joy. Raise your custodies in sweet resignation to his name.O give Him all your cryings and unhappiness. give him all your old ages of hurting And you’ll enter into life in Jesus’ name. ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) ISANG PAGKAIN. ISANG KATAWAN. ISANG BAYAN Katulad ng mga butil na tinitiponUpang maging tinapay na nagbibigay buhayKami nawa’y matipon blareAt maging bayan Mong giliw Refrain:Iisang Panginoon. iisang katawanIsang bayan. isang lahiSayo’y nagpupugay Katulad blare nanogram mga ubasNa piniga at pecking alakSino mang uminom nitoMay buhay sodium walang hangganKami nawa’y maging sangkapSa pagbuo nitong baying liyag ( REFRAIN ) MAGPASALAMAT KAYO SA PANGINOON 1. Magpasalamat kayo sa PanginoonNa Syang lumikha ng lahat ng bagay dito sa mundoSiya’y gumawa nanogram buwan at mga bitwinUpang magbigay nanogram liwanag SA pagsapit nanogram dilim Refrain:O magpasalamat SA kanyang mga biyaya at awa.O ating purihin Air National Guard Poon na mahabagin sa atin. 2. Magpasalamat kayo sa PanginoonDahil SA kagandahang loob niya’y magpakailanmanAt pagpalain ng Diyos habang buhayNa siyang nagligtas SA Kanyang hinirang bayang Israel ( REFRAIN ) BLEST BE THE LORD Refrain:Blest be the Lord. blest be the LordThe God of clemency. the God who saves.I shall non fear the dark of dark.Nor the pointer that flies by twenty-four hours. 2. He will let go of me from the cyberspaces of iniquitous work forces.He will protect me from their wicked custodies.Beneath the shadow of His wingsI will joy to happen a dwelling topographic point secure. 3. I need non shrivel before the panics of the darknor stand entirely before the visible radiation of twenty-four hours.No injury shall come to me. to arrow strike me down.No evil settee in my psyche. TIME TO CHANGE It’s clip for us to do our dreams comeA guiding voice will state us what to makeIt’s the clip to alter ourselves and demo the universeThat we still care for work forcesAnd we’ll lead them there TwoWe’ll lead them to a topographic point beyond the seaA topographic point of love where everyone is freeDon’t despair the way to felicity is broadIf we must alter our waysName on God for our usher ( Repeat II ) If we must alter our waysName on God — for our usher Let THERE BE PEACE Let there be peace on Earth and allow it get down with me.Let there be peace of Earth the peace that was meant to be.With God as our Father. brothers all are we.Let me walk with my brother in perfect harmoniousness.Let peace get down with me. allow this be the minute now.With every measure I take. allow this be my grave vow ;to take each minute and unrecorded each minute in peace everlastingly. Let there be peace on Earth and allow it get down with me. ALL MY DAYS Refrain:Till the terminal of my yearss O Lord. I will bless your nameSinging Your congratulations. give you thanks. all my yearss 1. You have made me small less than a GodAnd hold lavished my bosom with Your loveWith self-respect and award You’ve clothed meGiven me regulation over all ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) 2. You blessed me with good things and plentifulnessAnd surrounded my tabular array with friendsTheir love and their laughter enrich meTogether we sing Your congratulations ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) 3. Your Sun and Your Moon give me lightAnd Your stars show the manner through the darkYour rivers and watercourses have refreshed meI will sing Your congratulations ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) 4. How great is Your love O FatherThat You sent us Your Savior SonHis decease and His rise will mend usAnd pull us all unto You ( REPEAT REFRAIN ) ServiceWe are made for service to care for all work forcesWe are made for love both clip and once moreA love that will give through sorrow and hurtingA love that will neer decease with strainGod sent His Son to demo us the mannerOne who shared His love every minute of the twenty-four hoursOne who gave His life that we might populateAnd His Spirit to assist us through the old ages.Life can be so lonely when cipher attentionsLife can be so empty when cipher portionsBut if adult male gives himself to assist other work forcesThe felicity of Christ will populate within PANANAGUTAN Walang sinuman Air National Guard nabubuhay parity SA sarili lamangWalang sinuman Air National Guard namamatay parity SA sarili lamang Refrain:Tayong lahat ay may pananagutan sa isa’t-isaTayong lahat ay tinipon ng Diyos na kapiling nyaSa ating pagmamahalan at paglilingkod SA kaninumanTayo’y nagdadala ng balita nanogram kaligtasan ( REFRAIN ) Sabay-sabay ngang mag-aawitan Air National Guard mga bansaTayo’y itinuring ng Panginoon bilang mga anak ( REFRAIN ) SIYA Buhay ko’y may kaguluhan. Ang landas walang patutunguhanKaibigan. Fatah Revolutionary Council kaya Air National Guard kahahantungan?Ngunit salamat ako’y natagpuan. Binigyan Niya ng kapayapaan Tanging kay Hesus mayroong tagumpay RefrainSiya ang aking patnubay. Siya ang aking gabaySiya SA aki’y nagbigay buhaySi Hesus ang katotohanan. si Hesus Air National Guard DaanSiya ang tanging Panginoon magpakailan dad adult male At ngayon SA aking buhay. Sa tuwina’y Siya’y nagbabantay Ang pag-ibig niya’y tunay na walang kapantay.Hinding-hindi na ako mangangamba. Si Hesus dawdling kasamaSiya SA akin at ako’y SA Kanya ( REFRAIN ) GO TELL EVERYONE God’s Spirit is in my bosom. He has called me and put me apart This is what I have to make. what I have to make RefrainHe sent me to give the good intelligence to the haplessTell captives that they are prisoners no moreTell blind people that they can see. and set the down-trodden free And travel. state everyone the intelligence that the Kingdom of God has come And travel. state everyone the intelligence that the God’s land has come I WILL Sing FOREVER I will sing everlastingly of your love. O Lord.I will observe the admiration of Your name.For the Word that you speak is a vocal of forgiveness.and a vocal of soft clemency and of peace.Let us wake at the forenoon and be filled with Your loveand sing vocals of congratulations all our yearss.For Your love is every bit high as the celestial spheres above us.And your fidelity every bit certain as the morning. I will sing everlastingly of your love. O Lord.For You are my safety and my strength.You fill the universe with Your vitalizing Spirit that speaks Your Word. Your Word of clemency and of peace.And I will sing everlastingly of Your love. O Lord.Yes. I will sing everlastingly of Your love. O Lord! Merely as the Father sent Me. so I’m directing you out to beMy informant throughout the universe. the whole of the universe ( REFRAIN ) Don’t worry what you have to state. don’t concern because on that twenty-four hours God’s Spirit will work in your bosom. will talk in your bosom ( REFRAIN )

Compared to the original Daniell Cell Essay Example

Compared to the original Daniell Cell Paper By completing and testing this hypothesis our group believes that it will factor in the aim of increasing the voltage and current of our Daniell Cell. Hypothesis 2 According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reactions table, our group hypothesises that by changing the half cells so that their E0 values are a greater distance apart that the voltage and current will show an increase and improve the Daniell Cell. The general make up of a Daniell Cell is two half cells, one with copper metal (Cu) and the other cell using zinc metal (Zn). The electrolyte then is both sulfates of each metal, CuSO4 and ZnSO4 making up the Cell. According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reductions (SRPHR), Copper and Zinc is a good pair since Copper is a fairly strong oxidizing agent and Zinc is a very good reducing agent which gives a high voltage between these two half cells. Corrosion Doctors, 2006 The group has decided in changing one of these half cells to a better oxidizing agent or a reducing agent the voltage of our cell will increase and therefore support our hypothesis. Since this is a school experiment, it is very hard to access the best oxidizing agents, which has left us with Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) as our best oxidizer and magnesium (Mg2+) as our best reducing agent. When both ionic concentrations (the electrolyte) are at 1M and the room temperature is at 25oC you can calculate the voltage of what two half cells would be by using the given E0 value. Copper has an E0 of +0. 34 volt and Zinc has an E0 of -0. 76 volt and you subtract the oxidizer from the reducing agent which gives 1. 10 V (volts). We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compared to the original Daniell Cell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The calculations for the magnesium and potassium permanganate are as follows, potassium permanganate E0 value is 1. 52 and the magnesium E0 value is -2. 37 which gives 3. 89 volts. Under these conditions the voltage should increase from 1. 10 volts to 3. 89 volts, in which will support our second hypothesis. Hypothesis 3 After extensive research into different forms of salt bridges, our group believes that in using the porous pot salt bridge the decrease in resistance provided by the pot will increase the voltage and current readings of the original Daniell Cell. A salt bridge, in chemistry, is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of an electrochemical cell. It is also apart of the internal circuit of the cell with the external circuit being the wire that connects the anode to the cathode. Salt bridges usually comes in two types: glass tube and filter paper with other portable options still available. One type of salt bridges consists of U-shaped glass tubes filled with a relatively inert electrolyte, usually potassium nitrate. The conductivity of the glass tube bridges depends mostly on the concentration of the electrolyte solution. The other type of salt bridges consists of a filter paper, also soaked with a relatively inert electrolyte, usually potassium nitrate because it is chemically inert. Conductivity of this kind of salt bridges depends on a number of factors: the concentration of the electrolyte solution, the texture of the filter paper and the absorbing ability of the filter paper. Generally smoother texture and higher absorbency equates to higher conductivity. A porous pot or other porous barrier between the two half-cells may be used instead of a salt bridge; they give a much higher current flow since the resistance is much less which is ideal for this investigation. Chemistry Virtual Textbook, 2006 In the Daniell Cell the porous pot cell consists of a central zinc anode dipping into a porous pot containing the zinc sulfate solution. The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a large beaker, which acts as the cells cathode. The use of a porous barrier prevents the copper ions in the copper sulfate solution from reaching the zinc anode and undergoing reduction. This would render the cell ineffective by bringing the battery to equilibrium. Our group has hypothesised that using the Porous Pot as the salt bridge will bring upon an increase in voltage and current therefore making a Better Battery. Balanced Chemical Equations and E0 values Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn(s) E0 = -0. 76 V Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) E0 = 0. 34 V Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s). Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s) E0C = E0ox + E0red = 0. 76 + 0. 34 E0C = 1. 10 V Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- Mg(s) E0 = -2. 37 V Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) E0 = 0. 34 V Mg(s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) Mg(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + Cu(s) E0C = E0ox + E0red = 2. 37 + 0. 34 E0C = 2. 71 V 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 10e- 5 Mg(s) E0 = -2. 37 V 2 MnO4- (aq) + 16 H+ + 10e- 2 Mn2+ + 8 H20 (l) E0 = 1. 52 5 Mg(s) 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 10e- 2 MnO4- (aq) + 16 H+ + 10e- 2 Mn2+ + 8 H20 (l) 5 Mg(s) + 2 MnO4-(aq) + 16 H+ 5 Mg2+ (aq) + 2 Mn2+ + 8H2O (l) E0C = E0ox + E0red= 2. 37 + 1. 52 E0C = 3. 89 Method Daniell Cell 1. Using two beakers place them close together and fill the beakers half way with the chosen electrolytes. 2. Place the Copper and Zinc metals in their respective salt solutions which are both 0. 1 M in concentration 3. Connect the wires to each electrode (metal) and connect the wires though a voltmeter/ammeter 4. Saturate the salt bridge (filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate and insert each end into both half-cell solutions. 5. Record Results for both current and voltage Hypothesis One 1. Setup the original Daniell Cell 2. After setting up and functioning the original Daniell Cell, change the concentration of the CuSO4 solution to 0. 5M. 3. Record the results shown on the voltmeter and ammeter 4. After this, change the concentration of the CuSO4 solution to 1M 5. Record the results shown on the voltmeter and ammeter. 6. Repeat this with the zinc half cell, by changing the copper half cell back to 0. 1M and increasing the zinc sulfate to 0. 5M then 1M. 7. Record the results of the voltage and current for these two experiments. Hypothesis Two (A) 1. Place two beakers side by side, filling them up half way with MgSO4 0. 1M and CuSO4 0. 1M. 2. Place the metals in their respective salts (sulfate solutions) 3. Connect the wires to each metal and plug the ends into the ammeter/voltmeter. 4. Now that the external circuit is present, saturate the salt bridge (in this case, filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) solution and place into each half cell. 5. Turn on the voltmeter/ammeter and record results. Hypothesis Two (B) 1. Place two beakers side by side, filling them up half way with MgSO4 0. 1M and MnO4 0. 02M 2. Place the magnesium metal in its respective salt 3. Place an inert metal such as carbon in the MnSO4 solution 4. Connect the wires to each metal and plug the ends into the ammeter/voltmeter 5. Now that the external circuit is present, saturate the salt bridge (in this case, filter paper) with Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) solution and place into each half cell. 6. Turn on the voltmeter/ammeter and record results. Hypothesis Three 1. Using a larger beaker, fill with the Cathode (Copper) electrolyte to around 1/2 full 2. Place the Porous Pot (which has been soaked in KNO3) in to the beaker and pour the other electrolyte (Zinc) inside. 3. Add the two electrodes to their distinguished salts. 4. Turn on the ammeter/voltmeter and record the results. Super Cell 1. Repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 in hypothesis three. 2. Instead of using Copper and Zinc half cells, use MnO4 (Potassium Permanganate) and MgSO4 (Magnesium) with MgSO4 being the anode. 3. The concentrations for each half cells are as follows; KMnO4 0. 02M and MgSO4 0. 1M 4. Use an ammeter/voltmeter to receive the final data for the investigation. Results Tables Hypothesis One: In reference to the Nernst Equation and Le Chi telier principle, our group believes that by having increased concentration in the cathode and a reduced concentration in the anode in each electrolyte will cause the voltage and current readings to increase and improve the Daniell Cell. Voltage (V) Trial ZnSO4 0. 1M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 0. 5M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 1M Avg % Dif CuSO4 0. 1M 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 0. 97 0. 98 0. 97 0. 97 0 0. 96 0. 97 0. 96 0. 96 -1. 03 CuSO4 0. 5M 1. 05 1. 02 1. 04 1. 04 7. 22 Â  CuSO4 1M 1. 15 1. 09 1. 10 1. 11 14. 4 Current (mA) Trial ZnSO4 0. 1M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 0. 5M Avg % Dif ZnSO4 1M Avg % Dif CuSO4 0. 1M 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 0. 22 0. 22 0. 24 0. 22 0 0. 21 0. 23 0. 26 0. 23 4. 55 CuSO4 0. 5M 0. 33 0. 44 0. 38 0. 37 68. 2 CuSO4 1M 0. 45 0. 56 0. 49 0. 50 127 Hypothesis Two: According to the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reactions table, our group hypothesises that by changing the half cells so that their E0 values are a greater distance apart that the voltage and current will show an increase and improve the Daniell Cell. Voltage (V) Trial Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) Avg % Dif Mg(s) | Mg2+(aq) Avg % Dif Cu(s) | Cu2+(aq) 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 1. 71 1. 82 1. 75 1. 76 83. 33 MnO4- | Mn2+ 2. 76 2. 86 2. 89 2. 84 192. 78 Current (mA) Trial Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) Avg % Dif Mg(s) | Mg2+(aq) Avg % Dif Cu(s) | Cu2+(aq) 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 0. 32 0. 35 0. 34 0. 34 54. 54 MnO4- | Mn2+ 0. 59 0. 55 0. 58 0. 57 159. 1 Hypothesis Three: After extensive research into different forms of salt bridges, our group believes that in using the porous pot salt bridge the decrease in resistance provided by the pot will increase the voltage and current readings of the original Daniell Cell. Trial Voltage Avg % Dif Current Avg/ % Dif Daniell Cell 0. 98 0. 95 0. 99 0. 97 0. 20 0. 22 0. 25 0. 22 Porous Pot 1. 07 1. 08 1. 09 1. 08 11. 34 27 28 25 27 12172 Safety During the investigation the group used five different types of electrolytes for the extent of the experiment. These five solutions were Zinc Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Potassium Nitrate, Potassium Permanganate and Magnesium Sulfate. These five solutions yielded the property that meant they could be dissolved into water with Zinc, Potassium and Magnesium all forming a clear colour. Copper Sulfate forms a blue solution, whereas Potassium Permanganate forms a dark purple solution. Throughout the duration of the investigation students must wear safety glasses along with a lab coat to protect their skin from any contact with the solutions. Keep the experimental area clear of books and other items that may cause an incidence of spilling or breaking equipment. In an emergency situation, such as contact with the eyes and skin, the patient must flush and wash away the solution for fifteen minutes and remove all contaminated clothing. If large amounts of any of these solutions are ingested do not induce vomiting and call for a physician immediately. Conclusion and Discussion In relation to the first hypothesis the results have supported what has been stated. From an in depth study of both the Nernst and Le Chatelier principles the hypothesis was made that by changing the concentration in the cathode and keeping the anode at its lowest concentration will show an increase in current compared to the original Daniell Cell. The average of the Daniell Cells voltage and current was 0. 97 volts and 0.22 mA, then the concentration in the cathode and anode were increased and decreased giving positive results. When our hypothesis was tested the current, as expected, increased vastly going from an average of 0. 22 0. 50 mA by just changing the concentration. As well as the current the voltage also increased slightly going from 0. 97 1. 11 volts. This can be explained by using Ohms Law which is: which can be said as; when increasing I (current) as long as the resistance stays the same the voltage is also going to increase. The second hypothesis was once again supported by encouraging results. In this case both the cathode and anode were getting changed at different times in hoping finding two half cells that gave the best voltage reading. The anode was changed first and by doing this the group achieved an improved reading, to complete the hypothesis the cathode was then changed which meant the new battery was using the two half cells that were the furthest away from each other that could be obtained in classroom conditions. The Daniell Cells starting voltage was 0. 97 volts and when using Carbon + KMnO4 0. 02M as the cathode and Copper + CuSO4 0. 1M as the anode the reading we received was 2. 84 V which was a much better results to the original Cell. Le Chateliers Principle can be used to explain the decrease in voltage (compared to the redox table) in the results involving these two half cells. Since the concentration in the cathode is lower in contrast to the anode the shift in equilibrium is towards the anode which then causes less of the solution used giving a lower voltage. The current was increased by 159. 1 % which then can be clarified by Ohms Law which says that when increasing voltage the current will also increase when the resistance is kept at a constant. The third and final hypothesis was in relation to the changing of the salt bridge which was hoping to bring about a change in the current flow. The group only tested one other type of salt bridge due to time constraints which proved very effective. The porous pot was a new type of salt bridge which caused the internal circuit to be much more efficient and also make the battery portable. The current reading given by using the porous pot salt bridge was far better then the group expected, going from 0. 22 mA 27 mA (12172 % increase) which was a very pleasing result firmly supporting our hypothesis. The voltage also showed an improvement of over 11 % which shows strong support again to our hypothesis. Therefore our Super Cell was able to be formed by observing these result tables. Since the aim of this investigation was to find the best battery with the most current and voltage these changes must be made. The two half cells have to be as far away as possible on the redox table to cause the highest E0 value or voltage. The salt bridge that must be used is the porous pot as it provides a very high current reading and causes the battery to be more realistic as it will be portable. The last change is that the cathode must have the highest concentration for an extra increase in current. This factor was not testable for our super cell as the only concentration for the MnO4 was 0. 02 M Our Super Cell is then as follows Mg(s) + MgSO4 (0. 1M) MnO4 (0. 02M) + C(s) Using Porous Pot soaked in KNO3 Voltage = 3. 0740. 001 V (216. 91% difference) Current = 1191 mA (53,990% difference) These results show the vast improvement of the new Super Cell compared to the original Daniell Cell. The aim has therefore been attended to and completed and all three hypotheses have been supported with compatible results. Evaluation Although the results received were very positive and back up all hypotheses there were many limitations and errors that could have been taken care of in the future. The external circuits or the wires connecting each half cell almost all had rust on them which acts as a resistance causing a reduced voltage and current. The rust was also not consistent on each set of wires, which meant when the group used different wires the voltage and current readings differed each time. The volt and ammeters were very inaccurate at times and most of the time not giving a current reading which meant there was less time to carefully finish each experiment which then caused more inaccuracy in the results. Another error which occurred due to equipment, which was unfortunately unavoidable, was each of the solutions used. After each reading was taken we were to pour the solutions back into their containers. The solutions may have been contaminated whilst the cell was operating and as the solution was then poured back into the original container the contamination spread. This would eventually decrease the concentration of electrolyte and as such change the data, decreasing the voltage and current. To fix this error, the solutions should not be poured back into the containers again. Another error was the lack of trials within the experiment. Due to time constraints we complete the desired number of trials for each hypothesis. It is desirable to have as many tests as possible, one trial to establish the basis while the others are trying to be as accurate as possible. By not having a complete number of trials we limited the results that have been found. If we were able to complete more trials, we would have been able to have a fairer and more accurate result. We would be able to overcome this by having a longer time to conduct our trials. This would have given more time to be more precise with the work that was completed. A different filter paper salt bridge should have been used each time testing, since when used once the paper soaks up the electrolytes of each half cell which becomes inexact next time its put into use. The filter paper also dries out after a while which reduces the current of the cell, making the experiment more inaccurate as time progresses. The group was only provided with 0. 02 M KMnO4 which then forced us to not put one of our hypotheses into use in creating our Super Cell which was having the concentration in the anode lower then the concentration in the cathode. Another error was the use of Carbon as the inert metal in the KMnO4 solution. Since Carbon is not completely inert the current was unable to flow, free of resistance from the Carbon, therefore reducing the current reading of the cell. The magnesium metal was also an issue as it tends to oxidise instantly with oxygen causing an oxide layer on the metal and also reducing the current reading of the cell. Further investigation could possibly be to test many other hypotheses such as the surface area of the metals to make our results more thorough. More electrodes could have been added to the half-cells. This would create a cell with a larger surface area in which the reactions would take place. This would then allow a larger current and voltage as there would have been more electrons to create a higher current. There would have been a larger amount of area in which the electrons would be able to be taken from. The larger the surface area, more electrons are able to be attracted to the electrode, consequently producing more voltage and current. Russian Chemical Views, 2009 Cutting edge battery research and development have allowed improvements such as changing the metals in the half cell to still make it more efficient eg. Lithium. Lithium-ion batteries are incredibly popular these days. Theyre so common because, pound for pound, theyre some of the most energetic rechargeable batteries available. Lithium batteries are disposable batteries that have lithium metal or lithium compounds as an anode. The term lithium battery comprises of many types of cathodes and electrolytes. The most common type of lithium cell used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide as cathode, with a salt of lithium dissolved in an organic solvent. (Brain, 2008) Improvements such as the electrodes being further apart in the redox table, eg lithium and silver would have been able to create a higher voltage. Again this is a problem because it is very unsafe as lithium is so reactive that it will react with the oxygen in the air. Therefore it may not be possible to create a Daniell Cell out of those materials. Further research into looking into ways of creating more reactive yet stable electrodes we could create a cell which supports the claims of the Redox table but is also able to be completed within a class room environment. Bibliography All about electrochemistry. Chemistry Virtual Textbook. 2006 Chemistry 1. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chem1. com/acad/webtext/elchem/Figure 1: Chemistry Pictures. Daniell Cell. 2006 Electrochemistry Principles. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemistrypictures. org/d/175-2/electrochemistry. jpg Electrochemical Cell. 2006 Corrosion Doctors. (Feb. 2009. ) http://corrosion-doctors. org/Electrochem/Cell. htm Electrochemical Cells. Online Resource Centre. 2004 Oxford University. (Feb. 2009. ) http://hyperphysics. phyastr. gsu. edu/hbase/chemical/electrochem. html#c2 Electrochemical Determination of Surface Area of Metals. IOP Electronic Journals. 2009. Russian Chemical Views. Mar. 2009. http://www. iop. org/EJ/abstract/0036-021X/47/5/R02 Electrochemical Reactions. Electrochemistry. 2007 Bodner Research Web. (Feb. 2009. ) http://chemed. chem. purdue. edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch20/electro. php Figure 2: How voltage and current relate? 2005 Ohms Law. All about circuits. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. allaboutcircuits. com/vol_1/chpt_2/1. html LE CHATELIERS PRINCIPLE. Concentration Equilibrium. 2003 Chemistry Guide. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemguide. co. uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier. html Lower, Stephen. The Nernst Equation. All about Electrochemistry. 2005. Chemistry 1. Feb. 2009. http://www. chem1. com/acad/webtext/elchem/ec4. html Nernst Equation. Electric Work. Science Waterloo. 2008 (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. science. uwaterloo. ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/nernsteq. html Figure 3: The Nernst Equation. Hermann Walther Nernst. 2004 Biol-Paisley. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. biol. paisley. ac. uk/marco/enzyme_electrode/Chapter2/Nernst. htm Voltage and Current. Electrochemistry. 2004 Hyper chemistry. (Feb. 2009. ) http://www. chemlin. net/chemistry/electrochemistry. htm

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